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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 23 (1984), S. 5523-5527 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 93 (1971), S. 6252-6257 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Shoulder ; Impingement syndrome ; Subacromial space ; MR imaging ; 3D reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de déterminer les modifications de la hauteur de l'espace sub-acromial normal pendant l'abduction et la rotation, et d'analyser les rapports dans l'espace du m. supra-épineux avec l'acromion et la clavicule. L'étude a été réalisée sur une IRM ouverte chez 12 volontaires sains dans 5 positions différentes d'abduction et 3 de rotation. Après reconstruction tridimensionnelle (3D) et mesure euclidienne de distance dans l'espace, les distances minimales entre l'humérus et l'acromion d'une part et la clavicule d'autre part ont fait l'objet d'un traitement informatique. La distance acromiohumérale minimale diminuait de façon significative à partir de 30° (moyenne 7.0 mm;+1.6 mm.) jusqu'à 120° (moyenne 3.9 mm;+1.8 mm; p〈0.0001) d'abduction. A 30°, le vecteur de la distance minimale traversait le m. supra-épineux alors qu'à 120° et au-delà, il était en situation latérale par rapport à son tendon chez tous les volontaires. A 90°, la distance acromio-humérale minimale était plus grande en rotation interne (7.6 mm,+2.3 mm) qu'en rotation neutre (5.4 mm,+2.3 mm) ou externe (4.4 mm,+2.2 mm; p〈0.05), mais son vecteur traversait le tendon des m. supra-épineux dans sa partie la plus vulnérable et atteignait l'acromion à son bord antérieur et inférieur. Ainsi, la hauteur de l'espace subacromial se modifie pendant l'abduction et la rotation et le m. supra-épineux vient au contact étroit du bord antérieur et inférieur de l'acromion à 90° d'abduction avec 45° de rotation interne. Ces chiffres obtenus chez des volontaires sains constituent des valeurs de références pour des travaux ultérieurs chez des patients souffrant d'un conflit sub-acromial.
    Notes: Summary The objectives of this study were to determine systematic changes of the normal subacromial space width during abduction and rotation, and to analyze the spatial relationship of the supraspinatus muscle with the acromion and clavicle. 12 healthy volunteers were imaged by an open MR scanner in 5 different positions of abduction and in 3 positions of rotation. After three dimensional (3D) reconstruction and 3D Euclidian distance transformation, the minimal spatial distances between the humerus and the acromion and the humerus and clavicle were computed. The minimal acromio-humeral distance decreased significantly from 30° of abduction (mean 7.0 mm±1.6 mm) to 120° (mean 3.9 mm;±1.8 mm; p〈0.0001). At 30°, the minimal distance penetrated the supraspinatus, whereas at 120° it was always located lateral to the supraspinatus tendon. At 90° with internal rotation (7.6 mm,±2.3 mm) the minimal acromio-humeral distance was larger than in neutral rotation (5.4 mm,±2.3 mm) or external rotation (4.4 mm,±2.2 mm; p〈0.05), but it penetrated the supraspinatus tendon at its most vulnerable part, reaching the acromion at its anterior inferior border. We conclude that the subacromial space width changes during abduction and rotation and that the supraspinatus is in closest contact to the anterior inferior border of the acromion in 90° of abduction with 45° internal rotation. These values obtained in volunteers can be used as a basis for further investigations in patients with the impingement syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 16 (1994), S. 429-438 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Articular cartilage ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cartilage thickness ; Patella ; Knee joint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'évaluation quantitative de l'épaisseur et du volume du cartilage de patellas humaines, fixées dans un mélange d'alcool et de formol, a été réalisée en imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) car on ne sait encore avec exactitude si l'aspect morphologique du cartilage normal ou lésé peut être parfaitement démontré par cette technique. L'IRM a été réalisée sur un appareil 1.0 T (épaisseur de coupe : 2 mm, résolution : 0,39–0,58 mm) avec les séquences suivantes : 1) séquence en spin écho pondéré T1, 2) 3D-MRAGE, 3) 3D-FISP, 4) 3D-MTC-FISP, 5) 3D-DESS, 6) 3D-FLASH. Après la réalisation de l'IRM, la patella était sectionnée tous les 2 mm, perpendiculairement à sa surface articulaire, à l'aide d'une scie à ruban. Le volume de son cartilage était déterminé sur les coupes anatomiques et les images IRM grâce à un système d'analyse d'images Vidas IPS 10 (Kontron). Les mesures étaient réalisées avec et sans la couche en hyposignal correspondant à la zone transitionnelle située entre le cartilage articulaire et l'os sous-chondral. Lorsque cette couche en hyposignal était prise en compte, le volume était surestimé par l'IRM de 16 à 19%. Lorsque cette couche en hyposignal n'était pas prise en compte, les volumes étaient inférieurs à ceux déterminés par les coupes anatomiques : T1-SE : −18,2%, MPRAGE : −22,6%, FISP : − 17,1%, MTC-FISP : − 9,5%, DESS : − 9,3% et FLASH : −6,1%. La séquence FLASH permettait l'appréciation la plus correcte et la plus reproductible de la morphologie du cartilage. La différence persistante par rapport au volume réel du cartilage peut être due au fait que la zone calcifiée du cartilage n'est pas délimitée par l'IRM.
    Notes: Summary Quantitative assessment of cartilage volume and thickness in a formalin-alcohol fixed specimen of a human patella was conducted with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as it is still unclear whether the morphology of normal and damaged cartilage can be accurately demonstrated with this technique. MR imaging was carried out at 1.0 T (section thickness 2 mm, in-plane-resolution 0.39 – 0.58 mm) with the following pulse sequences: 1) T1-weighted spin-echo, 2) 3D-MPRA-GE, 3) 3D-FISP, 4) 3D-MTC-FISP, 5) 3D-DESS, 6) 3D-FLASH. Following imaging, the patella was sectioned perpendicular to the articular surface at intervals of 2 mm with a diamond band-saw. The volume of its cartilage was determined from the anatomical sections and the MR images, using a Vidas IPS 10 image analysing system (Kontron). Measurements were carried out with and without the low-signal layer in the transitional zone between the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone. If the low-signal layer was included, the volume was overestimated with MRI by 16 to 19 %. Without the low-signal layer the volumes were less than those determined from the anatomical sections: T1-SE −18,2 %, MPRAGE −22.6 %, FISP −17.1 %, MTC-FISP −9.5 %, DESS −9,3% and FLASH −6.1 %. The coefficient of variation for a 6-fold determination of the volume amounted to between 6.2 % (T1-SE) and 2.6 % (FLASH). The FLASH sequence allowed the most valid and reproducible assessment of the cartilage morphology. The remaining difference from the real volume of the cartilage may be due to the fact that the calcified zone of the cartilage is not delineated by MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Shoulder ; Impingement syndrome ; Subacromial space ; MR imaging ; 3D reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine systematic changes of the normal subacromial space width during abduction and rotation, and to analyze the spatial relationship of the supraspinatus muscle with the acromion and clavicle. 12 healthy volunteers were imaged by an open MR scanner in 5 different positions of abduction and in 3 positions of rotation. After three dimensional (3D) reconstruction and 3D Euclidian distance transformation, the minimal spatial distances between the humerus and the acromion and the humerus and clavicle were computed. The minimal acromio-humeral distance decreased significantly from 30° of abduction (mean 7.0 mm ± 1.6 mm) to 120° (mean 3.9 mm; ± 1.8 mm; p 〈 0.0001). At 30°, the minimal distance penetrated the supraspinatus, whereas at 120° it was always located lateral to the supraspinatus tendon. At 90° with internal rotation (7.6 mm, ± 2.3 mm) the minimal acromio-humeral distance was larger than in neutral rotation (5.4 mm, ± 2.3 mm) or external rotation (4.4 mm, ± 2.2 mm; p 〈 0.05), but it penetrated the supraspinatus tendon at its most vulnerable part, reaching the acromion at its anterior inferior border. We conclude that the subacromial space width changes during abduction and rotation and that the supraspinatus is in closest contact to the anterior inferior border of the acromion in 90° of abduction with 45° internal rotation. These values obtained in volunteers can be used as a basis for further investigations in patients with the impingement syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Bone ; Femur ; Vertebra ; Microcomputed tomography ; 3-D reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A non-destructive, three-dimensional technique for microstructural phenotypic characterisation of skeletal elements in genetically altered mice is presented. Preliminary data in bovine growth-hormone transgenic animals and control littermates are shown. The technique is based on microcomputed tomography (μCT) and digital postprocessing and allows for a differential quantitative analysis of the cortical and trabecular bone compartments in the axial and peripheral skeleton. The distal femora and the first lumbar vertebral bodies of six animals were CT scanned in the axial plane with an isotropic resolution of 20 µm. The periostal surface and the marrow spaces were segmented fully automatically, and the trabecular and cortical compartments were separated interactively. After 3-D reconstruction, various regions of interest (diaphyseal, metaphyseal and epiphyseal) were selected for the analysis. The femora and vertebrae of the transgenic animals showed obvious differences in size, shape, and trabecular arrangement compared with the control animals. The total bone mass was increased by a factor of two to three, but the trabecular bone was increased much more (up to 12 times) than the cortical bone. The transgenic animals showed an increased ratio of trabecular vs cortical bone (0.90 to 1.27 vs 0.14 to 0.36 in the femoral diaphysis) and an elevated trabecular bone volume fraction (49% to 73% vs 18% to 43% in the femoral metaphysis). The mean 3-D cortical thickness was similar in the normal and transgenic animals (values between 93 µm and 232 µm in the dia- and metaphyses), but the minimal cortical thickness was lower in the transgenic animals (22 to 31 µm vs 54 µm to 110 µm in the diaphysis). The technique presented is suitable for phenotypic characterisation of bone structure in genetically altered mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Cartilage ; MR imaging ; Knee joint ; Three-dimensional reconstruction ; Osteoarthritis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The objective of this study was to assess the normal range of cartilage volumes in the knee joints of healthy adults, the ratio between the patellar, femoral, and tibial cartilages, and the correlation of the volumes with age, body weight, height, body mass index (obesity), patellar bone size, and the diameter of the tibial head. We examined the knee joints of nine healthy volunteers and eleven normal post-mortem specimens with an age range of 24 to 82 years. The cartilage volumes of the patella, femur, medial tibia and the lateral tibia were quantified, using a fat-suppressed FLASH-3D sequence (resolution 2×0.31×0.31 mm3) and digital postprocessing, involving three-dimensional reconstruction. The mean total volume of the knee joint cartilage was 23,245 mm3, the relative standard deviation (CV%) 19%, and the range 16,341 to 33,988 mm3. In the patella, femur and tibia, the CV% amounted to between 22 and 25%. These joint surfaces occupied a relatively variable proportion of the total knee joint volume, the percentage of the patella being 11 to 22%, that of the femur 54 to 69%, that of the medial tibia 7 to 12%, and that of lateral tibia 11 to 16%. The volumes of the lateral tibia were systematically higher than those of the medial tibia (P〈0.001). There was no significant correlation of the knee joint cartilage volume with age (r=+0.05), body weight (r=+0.38), height (r=+0.39) or body mass index (r=+0.29), but a relatively high correlation with the diameter of the tibial head (r=+0.78, P〈0.001). After normalising the volumes to this diameter, the CV% of the total knee joint cartilge volume was reduced to 13%, its variation being 12 to 21% in the patella, femur and tibia. MRI is available for measuring cartilage volume during growth, functional adaptation, and tissue loss in degenerative joint disease. The study shows that a wide variation of cartilage volumes exists in the knee joints of normal adults. To reduce the variability between individuals, the cartilage volumes may be normalised to the head of the tibial diameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Joint mechanics ; Elbow joint ; Finite element model ; Trabecular architecure ; Split lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that tension and bending, rather than compression alone, determine the functional adaptation of subchondral bone in incongruous joints. We investigated whether tensile stresses in the subchondral bone of the humero-ulnar articulation are affected by the direction of muscle and joint forces, and whether the tensile stresses are large enough to cause microstructural adaptation, specifically a preferential alignment of the trabeculae and the subchondral collagen fibres. Using a previously validated finite element model of the human humero-ulnar joint, we calculated the contact pressure, the principal compressive and tensile stresses, and the strain energy density in the subchondral bone for various flexion angles. A bicentric (ventro-dorsal) pressure distribution was found in the joint at 30° to 120° of flexion, with contact pressures of up to between 2.5 and 3 MPa in the ventral and dorsal aspects of the ulnar joint surface, but less than 0.5 MPa in the centre. The principal tensile stress in the subchondral bone of the trochlear notch quantitatively exceeded the principal compressive stress at low flexion angles (maximum 8.2 MPa), and the distribution of subchondral strain energy density differed substantially from that of the contact stress (r=–0.72 at 30° and r=+0.58 at 90° of flexion). No important tensile stress was computed in the trochlea humeri. On contact radiography, we found sagittally orientated subarticular trabeculae in the notch, running tangential to the surface. Furthermore, we observed sagittally orientated split lines in the subchondral bone of the notch of 20 cadaver joints, suggesting a ventro-dorsal orientation of the collagen fibres. The trochlea humeri, on the other hand, did not show a preferential direction of the subchondral split lines, these findings confirming the predictions of tensile stresses in the model. We conclude that, due to the important contribution of tension to subchondral bone stress, the distribution of subchondral density cannot be directly employed for assessing the long term distribution of joint pressure at the cartilage surface. The magnitude of the tensional stress varies considerably with the direction of the muscle and joint forces, and it appears large enough to cause functional adaptation of the subchondral bone on a microstructural level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Cartilage ; Cartilage mechanics ; Fluid flow ; MR imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The function of articular cartilage depends on the interaction between the tissue matrix and the interstitial fluid bound to the proteoglycan molecules. Mechanical loading has been shown to be involved in both the metabolic regulation of chondrocytes and in matrix degeneration. The purpose of the present study was therefore to analyze the deformation, recovery, and fluid flow in human articular cartilage after dynamic loading in vivo. The patellae of 7 volunteers were imaged at physical rest and after performing knee bends, with a specifically optimized fat-suppressed FLASH-3D magnetic resonance (MR) sequence. To measure cartilage deformation, the total volume of the patellar cartilage was determined, employing 3D digital image analysis. Patellar cartilage deformation ranged from 2.4 to 8.6% after 50 knee bends, and from 2.4% to 8.5% after 100 knee bends. Repeated sets of dynamic exercise at intervals of 15 min did not cause further deformation. After 100 knee bends, the cartilage required more than 90 min to recover from loading. The rate of fluid flow during relaxation ranged from 1.1 to 3.5 mm3/min (0.08 to 0.22 mm3/min per square centimeter of the articular surface) and was highly correlated with the individual degree of deformation after knee bends. The data provide the first quantification of articular cartilage recovery and of the rate of fluid flow between the cartilage matrix and surrounding tissue in intact joints in vivo. Measurement in the living opens the possibility of relating interindividual variations of mechanical cartilage properties to the susceptibility of developing joint failure, to assess the load-partitioning between the fluid phase and solid cartilage matrix during load transfer, and to determine the role of mechanically induced fluid flow in the regulation of the metabolic activity of chondrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Subchondral bone ; Cartilage thickness ; Functional adaptation ; Morphometry ; Methyl methacrylate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The regional thickness distributions of the subchondral plate and the unmineralized part of the articular cartilage were morphometrically determined in normal human patellae, and the correlation coefficient for each specimen calculated from the paired measurements. For this purpose the patellae were embedded in methyl methacrylate and cut as serial sections, which were assessed with a Vidas image-analyzing system (Kontron). The values obtained were used to reconstruct the individual and average thickness distributions and to calculate the correlation coefficients for each subject. Both the thickness of the subchondral plate and that of the cartilage revealed regular distributions which, however, followed different patterns. Central regions with maximum values from which the thickness decreased concentrically towards the periphery were found in both. However, the distribution patterns of the unmineralized cartilage and the subchondral plate could be clearly distinguished, both by the position of the maxima and by the arrangement of the isocrassids (contour lines of equal thickness). The thicknesses of the two tissues showed a correlation between 0.38 and 0.82 (mean 0.6). We attribute this to their different reactions to the type of stress acting upon them. It appears that the thickness of the subchondral plate is principally determined by stresses acting over a longer period of time with low frequency, whereas the thickness of the articular cartilage seems to be a response to intermittent dynamic stresses of a higher frequency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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