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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 629 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Blood eosinophils, and serum levels of the eosinophil proteins, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil protein X (EPX) were measured in childhood asthma. Seventeen patients mean age 11–9 years who were symptomatic with asthma, were enrolled in a study examining the eosinophil counts and eosinophil proteins at the onset of study and after treatment in relation to changes in their baseline forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) and % predicted FEV1. The patients with symptomatic asthma were compared with 17 patients mean age 12.0 years with asymptomatic asthma maintained on daily inhaled steroid and 13 patients, mean age 12.0 years, without asthma but with urticaria who served as non-asthma controls. Patients with symptomatic asthma did not have significantly higher initial eosinophil counts compared with those with asymptomatic asthma (0.43 × 109/1 vs 0.26 × 109/1, P= 0.09) but had higher serum ECP levels (28.9 μ/1 vs 18.5 μg/1). Both asthma patient groups had significantly higher serum ECP levels (P〈0.01) than the controls (9.8 μg/1). After therapy consisting of increased dose of inhaled steroids and/or oral steroids, patients in the symptomatic asthma group demonstrated a significant rise in FEV1 (1.67 1/sec at Visit 1 vs 2.08 1/ sec at Visit 2, 1〈0.01). A similar rise was seen for % predicted FEV1. Patients in the asymptomatic asthma group showed no significant change in FEV1 between visits (2.23 1/sec vs 2.37 1/sec), which was verified with the % predicted FEV1, Patients in the symptomatic asthma group showed a significant decrease in ECP level following treatment (28.9 μ/1 to 9.6 μ/1. P〈0.001) while the values in the asymptomatic group did not change (18.6 μ/1 to 15.2 μ/1 not significant). There was a significant correlation between the initial ECP level in the symptomatic asthma group and the change in the FEV| with treatment. Serum EPX levels showed similar trends but there was no significant correlation between the initial EPX levels and the changes in FEV1. Neither did blood eosinophil counts show such a correlation. This data suggests that the changes in serum ECP levels correlate with the changes in lung function subsequently to anti-inflammation therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A radio immunoassay was developed allowing measurement of the cytotoxic cationic ECP. The assay, which has a total incubation time of 3.5 hr, is a double antibody assay with radiolabelled ECP. covering the concentration range of 2–200 μ/l. Performance data show a detection limit of 〈 2 μg/1 and a cross-reactivity with eosinophil protein X (EPX/EDN) of 〈0.06%. The coefficient of variation (%) within the measuring range was, within assay 4.8–10.4, and total 6.6–12.0. The assay is useful for measurement in various body fluids including serum, nasal secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and dilution of samples prior to analysts was generally not required. Sera from 100 apparently healthy individuals revealed a geometric mean of 6.0 μg ECP/1 and a range (95%) of 2.3–15.9 μg/1. The elimination rate of ECP, t12. in vivo was estimated to be 65 min when ECP was measured in serum. Comparisons between this assay and a method previously described showed that the new method is superior with regard to precision and assay procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have recetitly phenotyped inflammation iti tion-infectious allergic and non-allergic chronic maxillary sinusitis using sinus biopsies and lavage fluids. In this first paper, we have concentrated our work on the eosinophil, T cell, mast cell and macrophage infiltrates. However, many unresolved questions remain and particularly the role of neutrophils needed to be addressed. In the present study, we focused on the neutrophilic inflammation: myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured by immunoassays and neutrophils were enumerated by conventional staining in the sinus lavage fluids of 16 patients with chronic sinusitis and six control subjects. Both MPO and IL-8 levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls (P 〈 0.01 and 0.005, respectively). There was a significant correlation between MPO levels and neutrophil numbers, and between MPO and IL-8 levels in the sinus lavage fluid (P 〈 0.0001, Spearman rank correlation). The presence of high levels of IL-8 in the lavage fluids of patients suffering from chronic sinusitis, levels which correlate with those of MPO, suggests that this cytokine may activate neutrophils in this chronic disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recently, increased serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in cystic fibrosis (CF) have been reported which were closely related to the levels in sputum. In the present study we investigated other eosinophil proteins such as eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and eosinophil protein X (EPX) in sera of patients with CF and their relation to pulmonary function.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsSerum samples from 42 patients with CF and from 25 healthy control subjects were measured for ECP, EPO and EPX. Lung function tests were performed by using whole body plethysmographic technique, and the results were correlated with the levels of eosinophil granule proteins.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsSerum ECP (median: 20.9 μg/L), EPO (median: 30.3 μg/L) and EPX (median: 37.9 μg/L) levels were significantly increased in CF compared with healthy controls (3.5 μg/L, P 〈 0.0001, 5.6 μg/L, P 〈 0.0001 and 14.6 μg/L, P 〈 0.0001, respectively) whereas eosinophil counts were not different. There was a strong correlation between the levels of eosinophil proteins and variables of pulmonary function, like between ECP and forced vital capacity (r = − 0.764, P 〈 0.0001). In addition, ECP concentrations were significantly related to the levels of EPO and EPX, albeit, in some patients with low ECP levels, increased EPO and EPX concentrations were observed.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionThese results indicate that in patients with CF, ECP, EPO and EPX concentrations also were increased with a significant relationship between these three eosinophil proteins. Since eosinophil activity in patients with CF is strongly correlated with pulmonary function, the assessment of eosinophil granule proteins might be useful for clinical monitoring in CF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Lung function tests, including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of vital capacity (FEF25–75%) and provocation concentrations of histamine which reduce FEV] by 20% (PC20), are used as indicators of airway form and function in bronchial asthma. Recently, markers of eosinophil activation in bronchial lavage and serum have been suggested as a measure of eosinophil mediated inflammation in the airways. These include eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX) (also known as eosinophil derived neuro-toxin) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO). Similarly, serum tryptase has been used as a marker of mast cell activation in systemic anaphylaxis.Objectives We measured both sets of indices in a group of children with moderately severe asthma to assess the contribution of eosinophil and mast cell mediated events to airflow limitation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.Methods Forty-eight children aged 5–10 years had spirometric assessments, histamine challenges and blood sampling on the same occasion. After analysis of sera, the indices were compared.Results The eosinophil markers ECP and EPX correlated very well with each other. They showed a moderate negative correlation with PC20 for histamine. EPX was also found to negatively correlate with FEV, and FEF25–75%. Serum tryptase levels showed no such correlates with airway function.Conclusion These results suggest that serum markers of eosinophil activation correlate with airway function in childhood asthma, and may be of value in assessing the severity of the disease. It further supports the notion that childhood asthma has a similar immunopathology to that occurring in adults, with predominance of eosinophil mediated inflammation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Children less than 5 years of age with asthma were assessed for total eosinophil counts and scrum levels of the eosinophil proteins, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil protein X (EPX). to determine whether these measurements would reflect eosinophilic inflammation in the airways. Initially 27 symptomatic patients, 14 atopic and 13 non-atopic were investigated. They had a mean age of 1.8 years and had never been treated with inhaled steroid and had not received Intal for 2 weeks prior to the assessment. The 14 atopic patients proved to have higher mean total eosinophil counts and serum levels of ECP and EPX than the 13 non-atopic patients (eosinophil counts 0.63 109/1 vs 0.26 × 109/1, P 〈 0.001; ECP 36.9 μg/1 vs 10.8 μg/1, P 〈 0.001; EPX 69.0 μg/1 v.s 19.6 μg/l, P 〈 0.01. Thirteen of these patients required treatment with daily doses of inhaled steroid and 11 had a repeal assessment (seven atopic and four non-atopic). The mean serum EC'P of the seven atopic patients had fallen significantly (40.6 to 22.9. P 〈 0.05) while the total eosinophil counts did not. These results suggest a difference in numbers and activity of eosinophils in a topic compared with non-atopic asthma in young children.To determine whether the results were influenced by treatment with inhaled steroids. 31 patients who were being treated with daily inhaled steroid underwent assessment when they were symptomatic (22 samples) or asymptomatic (19 samples). Of the 31 patients. 11 were atopic and 20 non-atopic, Atopic asthmatics had higher levels of eosinophils and serum ECP than non-atopic patients when symptomatic patients were compared, despite treatment with inhaled steroid.Finally, in order to determine whether the ECP correlates with atopy rather than asthma, 19 patients who were seen for assessment of a reaction to a food (usually peanut or egg) and who had a positive skin lest to the appropriate food were examined. Twelve of these patients had a history of intermittent asthma and a mean ECP of 31 9μg/I while seven patients had no asthma and a mean ECP of 13.4 μg/l (P 〈 0.05), The total eosinophil counts showed the same difference. This suggests that atopy in the absence of asthma may not be associated with an elevated eosinophil count or ECP level. The data suggest that atopy contributes lo childhood asthma, even in infancy, by mobilization and activation of eosinophils. Scrum ECP might be a useful measure of eosinophil activation in asthma of early childhood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Several studies have confirmed the presence of animal dander allergens in school dust but the effect of this indirect animal exposure on health has not been evaluated. In this study we investigated bronchial reactivity and markers of eosinophil activity and inflammation during two separate weeks of school in 10 children with mild asthma and a positive skin prick test to cat and dog. At the beginning and the end of the first week the children underwent bronchial challenges with methacholine, and at the beginning and the end of the second week they underwent nasal lavages (NAL) and induced sputum samplings. Blood and urine samples for analysis of inflammatory markers were obtained before and after both school weeks. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) and symptoms of asthma and allergy were recorded daily, and spirometry was performed on each visit. The exposure to animal dander allergens was estimated from dust samples obtained in the subjects’ schools and homes. Bronchial sensitivity to methacholine increased in the week when this was measured. The proportion of eosinophils in peripheral blood, and urinary eosinophil protein X (EPX), decreased in both weeks. There was a trend towards an increase of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in sputum in the week when these proteins were measured. The concentrations of cat (Fel d1) and dog (Can f1) allergens were higher in dust collected in schools than in homes. Our results show that in children with mild asthma and animal dander allergy, there is a significantly increased bronchial sensitivity to methacholine after one school week. There is also a significant decrease in the number of circulating eosinophils and a trend towards an increase of sputum EPO, which could correlate with the early phase of eosinophil recruitment to the lungs. These effects may be related to the continuous exposure to animal allergens in school dust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The activation of mast cells is generally considered to be an important trigger mechanism in the immediate allergic response. This study focused on the determination of three markers of mast cell activation after an allergen challenge. Nasal allergen challenges were performed in 25 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis using three allergen doses increasing in 10-fold steps in a standardised nasal lavage model for the subsequent recovery of the markers of mast cell activation. The levels of histamine and tryptase in the nasal lavage fluid were determined using radioimmunoassays, while the TAME-esterase activity was determined using a radiochemical technique. The nasal symptoms obtained on challenge were assessed using a scoring technique. The allergen challenge resulted in significant increases in the levels of all three markers, tryptase, histamine and TAME-esterase. In the individual measurements after the challenges there was a highly significant correlation between the TAME-esterase levels and the tryptase levels (r = 0.71; P 〈 0.001), while the generation of histamine and tryptase was not significantly correlated. When comparing the cumulative generation of the three markers, significant correlations were found between all three. Allergen challenges in six non-allergic controls using the same technique did not result in any increase in tryptase levels. The findings suggest that the determination of tryptase in nasal lavage fluid may be a valuable indicator of mast cell activation in the upper airways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The activation of mast cells is generally considered to be an important trigger mechanism in the immediate allergic response. This study focused on the determination of three markers of mast cell activation after an allergen challenge. Nasal allergen challenges were performed in 25 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis using three allergen doses increasing in 10-fold steps in a standardised nasal lavage model for the subsequent recovery of the markers of mast cell activation. The levels of histamine and tryptase in the nasal lavage fluid were determined using radioimmunoassays, while the TAME-esterase activity was determined using a radiochemical technique. The nasal symptoms obtained on challenge were assessed using a scoring technique. The allergen challenge resulted in significant increases in the levels of all three markers, tryptase, histamine and TAME-esterase. In the individual measurements after the challenges there was a highly significant correlation between the TAME-esterase levels and the tryptase levels (r = 0.71; P 〈 0.001), while the generation of histamine and tryptase was not significantly correlated. When comparing the cumulative generation of the three markers, significant correlations were found between all three. Allergen challenges in six non-allergic controls using the same technique did not result in any increase in tryptase levels. The findings suggest that the determination of tryptase in nasal lavage fluid may be a valuable indicator of mast cell activation in the upper airways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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