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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 562 (1991), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International orthopaedics 21 (1998), S. 364-366 
    ISSN: 1432-5195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé. Le but de cette étude est de présenter nos propres expériences dans le traitement par amputation des blessures de guerre des extremités. Nous avons étudié en tout 75 blessés sur qui a été pratiquée une amputation, des extremités inférieures dans 58 cas et supérieures dans 18. Parmi eux 69 blessés (92%) ont subi une amputation fermée et 6 (8%) une amputation ouverte. Chez 6 (8%) patients s’est produite une infection de la blessure. Un patient est décédé des suites d’une thromboembolie. Chez tous les autres patients les blessures se sont cicatrisées normalement. Nos résultats montrent que l’amputation fermée, même dans les conditions de guerre, donne des résultats excellents si elle est pratiquée moins de six heures aprés la blessure.
    Notes: Summary. We have reviewed 75 amputees, 58 in the lower limb and 18 in the upper. Closed amputation was performed in 69 patients (92%) and an open procedure in six (8%). Wound infection occurred in six (8%) and one patient died from thromboembolism. Wound healing was normal in the remainder. The results of closed amputation in war conditions are very good, if performed within 6 hours of injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Nitropyrazoles ; Nitroimidazoles ; Polarography ; Reduction Mechanism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reduction of mono- and dinitropyrazoles and of nitroimidazoles follows the general pattern of reduction of aromatic nitro compounds: The nitro group is reduced in a four-electron step to a hydroxylamino group and the protonated form of the hydroxylamino group is - in the lower pH range - further reduced to an amine. This reduction differs from that of nitrobenzenes in participation of a second hydrogen ion probably involved in protonation of the heterocyclic ring. This second proton is for nitroimidazoles transferred before the uptake of the first electron, for nitropyrazoles probably after this uptake. The transfer of the second electron is indicated to be the potential determining step. The two sequences are H+, H+, e, H+, e, 2e, H+ and H+, e, H+, H+, e, 2e, H+, respectively. For nitropyrazoles and nitroimidazoles without an alkyl substituent on the ring nitrogen, the reduction process is further complicated by the dissociation of the NH-group in the heterocyclic ring. For 1-alkyl-5-nitroimidazoles, for 4(5)-nitroimidazole and for N-unsubstituted-4- and 3(5)- nitropyrazoles (but not for 2-nitroimidazoles, 1-alkyl-4-nitroimidazoles and 1-alkylnitropyrazoles) the hydroxylamino derivative formed in the first four-electron step undergoes a base catalyzed dehydration yielding a quinone-like ketimine. Easy reduction of this species results in alkaline solutions in a limiting current which is significantly higher than corresponds to a four-electron and limits to a six-electron reduction. Such dehydration reactions occur considerably faster for dihydroxylamino derivatives formed in the reduction of dinitropyrazoles resulting in two waves with total transfer of up to 12 electrons.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Nitroimidazoles ; Reduction ; Polarography ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1, 2-Dialkyl-4-nitroimidazoles are reduced between pH 0 and 13 in a four-electron wave. The resulting arylhydroxylamine is stable and in acidic media reduced further to the amine. 1,2-Dialkyl-5-nitroimidazoles and 2-alkyl-4(5)-nitroimidazoles are reduced in alkaline media with the number of electrons approaching six. The hydroxylamine derivative formed in these reductions can be dehydrated and yields an easily reducible, quinone-like ketimine. The rate of the dehydration governs the heights of the first step and is base catalyzed. The sequence of electron and proton transfers for 2- alkylsubstituted nitroimidazoles is the same as that observed for corresponding desalkyl compounds.1-Alkyl-4-amino-5-nitroimidazoles, as well as 1-alkyl-4-nitro-5-aminoimidazoles, are reduced in a single wave, the height of which approaches that of a six-electron process. The dehydration of the hydroxylamino derivative is favored, probably due to an internal base catalysis. The shifts of half-wave potentials with pH differ principally from those of all other nitroimidazoles and indicate the predominant role of the amino group in the proton transfer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: 1-nitropyrazole ; reduction mechanism ; polarography ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reduction of 1-nitropyrazole (I) results in acidic media in a cleavage of the N—N bond and formation of nitrous acid which is further reduced at more negative potentials. At pH 〉 4 a competitive reduction of the nitramine to nitrosamine occurs. Four-electron reduction of nitro derivatives of pyrazolium (II) and (III) and imidazolium (IV) and (V) salts results in a formation of a hydroxylamine derivative. The reduction follows the scheme: H+, e, e, H+, 2e, 2H+. In the reduction product the azolium ring is reduced at more negative potentials. Whereas the effect of pyrazolium and imidazolium rings on the reducibility of the nitro group is comparable, the interaction between the nitro group and the azolium ring markedly depends on the position of the nitro group on the ring.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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