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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 124 (1980), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetobacter aceti ; Oxaloacetate decarboxylase ; Ethanol metabolism ; Gluconeogenesis ; Decarboxylation reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An oxaloacetate (OAA) decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.3) has been purified 72-fold from Acetobacter aceti cells grown on ethanol, and its molecular weight was estimated to be about 80,000 by gel filtration. Several properties distinguished this enzyme from the OAA decarboxylase from A. xylinum: a) It was not a constitutive enzyme; the activity was 6- to 20-fold higher in cells grown on a C2 substrate (acetate or ethanol) than in cells grown on a C3 compound (pyruvate or propionate). b) The optimum pH was 7.5; a value of 5.6 was reported for the enzyme from A. xylinum. c) The enzyme did not need a divalent cation and was not inhibited by EDTA. d) The K mvalue for OAA was found to be 0.22 mM. It was not affected by the addition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. e) The enzyme activity was neither inhibited by acetate nor by L-malate. In addition, the OAA decarboxylase from A. aceti was insensitive to monovalent cations, avidin or acetyl coenzyme A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 25 (1957), S. 325-332 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Von 14 aus Material verschiedener Herkunft isolierten Streptomyceten mit rhodomycinartigen Pigmenten produzierten 13 Stämme Rhodomycin und 1 Stamm Cinerubin. Einer der 13 Rhodomycinbildner ließ sich mit Streptomyces purpurascens Lindenbein identifizieren, die restlichen 12 werden als neue Species Streptomyces cinereoruber beschrieben. Der Cinerubinbildner, der außer im Antibioticum auch im C-Quellenspektrum von S. cinereoruber abweicht, wird als Streptomyces cinereoruber var. fructofermentans nov. var. beschrieben. Cinerubine produzieren ferner authentische Kulturen von Streptomyces bobiliae (Waksman et Curtis) Waksman et Henrici, die im übrigen größte Ähnlichkeit mit S. purpurascens aufweisen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 26 (1957), S. 192-208 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. 29 eigene Isolierungen und 5 Vergleichsstämme lieferten Actinomycine, die sich alle in die Brockmannschen Typen C, I und X einordnen ließen. Es wird die Meinung vertreten, daß Actinomycin A und B mit X und Actinomycin D mit I identisch sind. 2. Die untersuchten Actinomycinbildner wurden nach taxonomischen Gesichtspunkten in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, von denen 3 durch die bekannten Arten Str. antibioticus, Str. parvulus und Str. chrysomallus repräsentiert werden; für die vierte wurde eine neue Art, Str. michiganensis beschrieben. 3. Eine Gegenüberstellung von Actinomycintyp und taxonomischer Gruppierung der Stämme ergab wenig Parallelen; immerhin stellten die Actinomycin C-Bildner eine geschlossene Gruppe dar, und die chromogenen Stämme produzierten alle Actinomycin X. 4. Einige Stämme von Str. chrysomallus enthielten im Kulturfiltrat neben Actinomycin C zugleich noch das Antibioticum Actidion (Cycloheximid); dies wird als Hinweis auf eine Verwandtschaft mit anderen Actidionbildnern gedeutet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 26 (1957), S. 307-328 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter den 18 von Pridham u. Gottlieb (1948) vorgeschlagenen C-Quellen sind l-Rhamnose, Raffinose, l-Xylose, d-Fructose, l-Arabinose und d-Mannit für die Charakterisierung von Streptomyces-Arten am besten geeignet. Mit Hilfe der Ergebnisse von l-Rhamnose und Raffinose lassen sich die untersuchten Stämme in 4 Gruppen (I–IV) aufteilen. Die Gruppe III (l-Rhamnose und Raffinose negativ) kann an Hand der Ergebnisse von l-Xylose, d-Fructose und l-Arabinose in 5 Untergruppen (IIIa-IIIe) aufgeteilt werden. Die Besprechung der einzelnen Gruppen zeigt, daß in keinem Fall die C-Quellen-Spektren allein zur Artbestimmung ausreichen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 183-187 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetobacter aceti ; Glucose metabolism ; Radiorespirometry ; Pyruvat kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetobacter aceti NCIB 8554 grows on a minimal medium with ethanol but not with glucose as carbon and energy source. Addition of glucose to a wild type culture on ethanol has no influence on growth of the organism. Growth of a glucose sensitive mutant A5 is inhibited by the addition of glucose until all glucose has disappeared from the medium. In order to determine the routes by which glucose is metabolised in wild type and mutant, radiorespirometric, enzymatic, and uptake experiments have been performed. For the radiorespirometric experiments of the “continuous substrate feeding” type an apparatus has been constructed. Of the glucose entering the cells about 30% is excreted as gluconate and 6% metabolised with liberation of C-1 as CO2. The rest is accumulated intracellularly. No differences were found between wild type and mutant. Under different growth conditions and with different enzymatic assay methods no pyruvate kinase activity (EC 2.7.1.40) could be detected. This might explain the inability of A. aceti to grow on glucose.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetobacter aceti ; Pyruvate metabolism ; PEP carboxylation ; PEP carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Acetobacter aceti growing on pyruvate as the only source of carbon and energy, oxaloacetate (OAA) is produced by a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31). The enzyme was purified 122-fold and a molecular weight of about 380,000 was estimated by gel filtration. The optimum pH was 7.5 and the K m values for PEP and NaHCO3 were 0.49 mM and about 3 mM, respectively. The enzyme needed a divalent cation; the K m for Mn2+, Co2+ and Mg2+ were 0.12, 0.26 and 0.77 mM, respectively. Maximal activity was only obtained with Mg2+. Mn2+ and Co2+ became inhibitory at high concentrations. The activity was inhibited by succinate and, to a lesser extent, by fumarate, citrate, α-ketoglutarate, aspartate and glutamate. As compared with the corresponding enzyme from A. xylinum, the PEP carboxylase of A. aceti showed the following differences: a) It had an absolute requirement for acetyl CoA (K a 0.18 mM) or propionyl CoA (K a 0.2 mM). b) It was not affected by ADP. c) It was sensitive to thiol blocking agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 31 (1958), S. 326-358 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Arteinteilung der Gattung Streptomyces vorgeschlagen, welche nur zwingende Merkmale verwendet und die variablen oder nicht eindeutig zu bestimmenden beiseite läßt. Als artdifferenzierend gelten die Morphologie der Sporen, Farbe und Morphologie des Luftmycels sowie die Chromogenität. 152 Sammlungsstämme mit 103 Speciesbezeichnungen sowie zahlreiche eigene Isolierungen wurden nach den genannten 4 Kriterien untersucht. 31 Sammlungsstämme von 26 Species konnten in Ermangelung von Luftmycel nicht bestimmt werden. Die restlichen Kulturen lassen sich in 34 verschiedene Arten einteilen, von denen 8 als neu beschrieben werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 57 (1967), S. 76-92 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit einer modifizierten Penicillintechnik konnten aus Acetobacter-Populationen, die von einem prototrophen Klon stammten, spontane auxotrophe Mutanten isoliert werden. Bei sechs von acht untersuchten Stämmen wurden auxotrophe Mutanten gefunden. Die Häufigkeit dieser Mutanten betrug 10-6. Die Auxotrophie, welche je nach Stamm auf Äthanol- oder Glucose-Medium auftrat, äußerte sich als Bedarf für Hefeextrakt. Hefeextrakt konnte durch Alanin, Prolin oder Glutaminsäure nicht ersetzt werden. Die Mutation von prototroph auf Äthanol-Medium zu auxotroph auf Äthanol-Medium hatte keine Änderung der spezifischen Aktivitäten der Schlüsselenzyme des Glyoxylsäurecyclus zur Folge. Es wurden auch spontane Mutanten gefunden, welche die partikelgebundene Äthanoldehydrogenase verloren hatten und dadurch unfähig waren, Äthanol zu oxydieren oder als C-Quelle zu verwerten. Bei den spontanen, auf Äthanol-Medium auxotrophen Mutanten handelt es sich um Mutationen von einer Art des Frateurschen Systems in eine andere. Mutanten, welche die partikelgebundene Äthanoldehydrogenase verloren haben, gehören definitionsgemäß nicht mehr in die Gattung Acetobacter. Die Bedeutung solcher “interspezifischer” und “intergenerischer” Mutationen für die Arteinteilung innerhalb der Essigsäurebakterien wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 8 prototrophic Acetobacter-strains were examined for spontaneous auxotrophic mutants. Using a modification of the Penicillin technique, there were detected auxotrophic mutants in 6 strains. The mutant frequency was 10-6. Auxotrophy manifested itself as a requirement for yeast extract. Alanine, proline and glutamic acid could not replace yeastextract. In addition to the auxotrophic mutants there were found spontaneous mutants, which had lost the particulate ethanol-dehydrogenase and therefore had become unable to oxidise ethanol. The mutation from prototrophic on minerals-ethanol medium to auxotropic on minerals-ethanol medium represents a mutation from one species of Frateur's system into an other species. Mutants which have lost the particulate ethanol-dehydrogenase belong no more to the genus Acetobacter. The importance of such interspecific and intergeneric mutations for the taxonomy of acetic acid bacteria is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 74 (1970), S. 273-282 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Acetomonas oxydans is not able to grow on ethanol because of the lack of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Ethanol is merely oxidized to acetic acid. However, it was shown that Am. oxydans can utilize the energy from the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid for growth. In this respect alcohol can be replaced by lactate. P/O ratios were measured with cell-free extracts and the following substrates: ethanol, lactate, pyruvate, acetaldehyde, NADH2 and NADPH2. The P/O values were identical when the cells were grown on the same medium. Glucose grown cells gave a P/O ratio for ethanol or lactate of 0.08. But with glucose-ethanol grown cells P/O ratios of 0.28 were obtained. Ethanol can be replaced by lactate for cell cultivation and as a substrate for the oxidative phosphorylation. In each oxidation step, i.e. ethanol→acetaldehyde, lactate→pyruvate, and acetaldehyde→acetate, the same amount of ATP is produced per mole oxygen consumed when the cells were grown under comparable conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetobacter aceti ; Pyruvate metabolism ; Pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (EC 2.7.9.1) has been isolated from Acetobacter aceti grown on pyruvate as the only source of carbon and energy. The enzyme was purified 65-fold, and its molecular weight was determined to be about 330,000 by gel filtration. The optimum pH was 8.0 in the forward direction [phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) formation] and 7.1 for the backward reaction (pyruvate production). In both directions Mg2+ was required (forward K m 1.70 mM; reverse K m 0.87 mM) and no other divalent cation was able to replace it. The K m values for pyruvate, ATP, and Pi were 27 μM, 0.20 mM, and 0.83 mM, respectively, in the forward direction. The K m values for PEP, AMP, and PPi were 0.13 mM, 6 μM, and 62 μM, respectively, for the reverse reaction. The substrate-product pairs pyruvate-PEP, ATP-AMP, Pi-PPi were competitive inhibitors to each other in both directions. These product inhibition studies suggest for the enzyme from A. aceti nonclassical three-site Tri (Uni Uni) Ping-Pong kinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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