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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 64 (1986), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cholinergic innervation ; Brain stem ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Efferent vestibular and cochlear neurons were identified in the rat's brain stem by retrograde labelling with True Blue (TB) or wheat germ agglutinin — horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected into the utricle. Such cells were found at the same locations described in 1983 by White and Warr (ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), bilateral latero-ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LTz) bilateral group E medial and lateral to the genu facialis) and, in addition, bilaterally in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (CPR) at the level of the descending facial nerve. Cholinergic neurons were identified by counterstaining sections containing TB filled perikarya for (1) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) following pretreatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) or (2) choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), by immunohistochemistry with highly specific monoclonal antibodies. Many, but not all, vestibular efferent cell bodies located in group E were shown to be cholinergic. These and other recently published data suggest that the efferent octavus system may consist of a number of chemically distinct cell groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 217-220 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Striatum ; Globus pallidus ; Substantia nigra ; Divergent axon collaterals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Double retrograde fluorescent tracing techniques were used to evaluate the possibility that ascending and descending projections from the globus pallidus arise from divergent axon collaterals. Appropriately placed injections of different tracers (True Blue, Nuclear Yellow) into the substantia nigra and the striatum resulted in the double labelling of neurons in the globus pallidus. Conversely, simultaneous injection of two different sites within the striatum did not produce significant double labelling of globus pallidus neurons. These results indicate that at least a portion of the neurons of the globus pallidus project to both the striatum and substantia nigra, and that individual pallidal neurons do not have widespread projections to the striatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Choline acetyltransferase ; Cerebellum ; Cerebellar peduncle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the cerebellar lobules of the rat was determined after bilateral destruction of either the superior, middle, or inferior cerebellar peduncles. A significant, 40–60% decrease in ChAT activity occurred in all subdivisions of the cerebellum (anterior lobe, posterior lobe hemisphere, posterior lobe vermis/nodulus and flocculus/paraflocculus) following bilateral inferior peduncle lesions. In contrast, bilateral lesions of the superior or middle peduncles did not result in significant reductions of enzyme activity. These findings indicate that the cholinergic afferents to the cerebellum are contained predominantly in the inferior peduncle, from which they emerge to innervate all of the gross subdivisions of the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 654 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 18 (1978), S. 37-56 
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 256 (1975), S. 659-661 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Rats which received stereotaxic 6-OHDA injections which lesioned both dorsal and ventral noradrenergic projections (Fig. 1) did not differ significantly from controls on baseline (predrug) colonic temperature (control group 37.05 ±0.17 C; experimental group 37.3 ±0.21 C), although ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Striatal microdialysis was performed in rats subjected to 20 min of transient forebrain ischemia produced by occlusion of the carotid arteries during hemorrhagic hypotension. Extracellular changes of dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites were monitored before, during, and after the ischemic insult at 10-min intervals by on-line HPLC analysis. During ischemia, extracellular dopamine increased dramatically (156 times baseline), as did 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), whereas 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) decreased (15–25% of baseline). Upon reperfusion, dopamine was cleared from the extracellular fluid within 40 min and reached a stable level (70% of baseline). DOPAC and HVA increased (250–330%) transiently and reached their maximum 1 h following reperfusion, whereas 3-MT decreased to undetectable levels within 20 min. Although baseline levels of serotonin were not detectable, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid showed a qualitatively similar temporal pattern to dopamine and its acid metabolites. Killing rats by cervical dislocation produced changes in extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites that were almost identical to those seen during ischemia. Pargyline pretreatment 2 h before ischemia had marginal effects on the postischemic clearing of dopamine. The pargyline pretreatment, however, did increase the survival rate of rats subjected to ischemia, and this protective effect might be due to the pargyline-induced blockade of the postischemic monoamine oxidase-mediated increase in dopamine metabolism and the concurrent production of the potentially neurotoxic molecule, hydrogen peroxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The intracerebral microdialysis technique, coupled with a sensitive radioenzymatic assay, was employed to study histamine release in the striatum and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in conscious, freely moving rats. In these brain regions, extracellular histamine concentrations decreased by 20% when calcium was omitted from the perfusion solution. Extracellular histamine was insensitive to the addition of tetrodotoxin to the perfusion medium. In striatum, extracellular histamine concentrations declined in an apparent biexponential manner after the administration of α-fluoromethylhistidine, an inhibitor of histamine synthesis. The half-lives for the disappearance of histamine were 32 min and 7.7 h, indicating the presence of at least two histamine pools. Histidine loading resulted in a nearly twofold increase in histamine outflow in striatum. In the BNST, yohimbine increased the extracellular histamine content by 50%, suggesting that histamine release is subject to α2-adrenergic regulation in vivo. The extent to which histamine detected in cerebral microdialysis samples is of neurogenic origin remains to be established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 24 (1975), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Axoplasmic transport of dopamine in the nigro-neostriatal system has previously been shown by the specific accumulation of labelled dopamine in the striatum following injections of labelled DOPA or dopamine into the substantia nigra. To test the specificity, 17 different labelled materials (pipecolic acid, inulin, taurine, GABA, glycine, histidine, histamine, serotonin, 5-HTP, D-amphetamine, 3-methoxytyramine, dopamine, tyramine, norepinephrine, octopamine and high and low specificity activity DOPA) were injected into the substantia nigra and the distribution of radioactivity in the brain studied after 6 and 24 h. Only the catecholamines and octopamine gave evidence of specific accumulation in the ipsilateral striatum although some of the other compounds caused diffuse labelling of the striatum along with other brain areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 22 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— An analysis of proteins undergoing axonal transport in nigro-striatal neurons, after the stereotaxic injection of [3H]leucine into the substantia nigra of rat brain was performed. As early as 6 h after the injection [3H]proteins appeared in the caudate-putamen. The maximum accumulation was at 5 days and there was still residual protein radioactivity present at 30 days. About 70 per cent of the total radioactive protein in the caudate-putamen was solubilized by homogenization in 0–5%, (v/v) Triton X-100 and remained in the supernatant on centrifuging for 1 h at 100,000 g. The supernatant fraction, when chroma-tographed on a DEAE-cellulose column, was resolved into four protein peaks (A, B. C and D) which were found to be labelled differently as a function of time after the injection of [3H]leucine. Peak A was substantially labelled in a first phase (6–24 h) and reached its maximum in a second phase (5 days). The proteins comprising this peak appeared to undergo both fast and slow axonal transport. Although some labelling in peak B was evident at 6 h, maximal activity did not occur until 5 days. No radioactivity could be detected in peaks C and D at 6 h. Maximal labelling of these two peaks also occurred at 5 days. These data suggest that the proteins of peaks B, C and D were transported primarily by slow axoplasmic flow. The radioactive protein peaks A and B from the second phase of the transport were excluded from a Sephadex G-200 column, pointing to their high molecular weights (13,000–200,000). Peak B. which had the highest specific radioactivity (c.p.m./mg protein) at 5 days, contained a significant level of tyrosine hydroxylase, an important component of dopaminergic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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