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Notes: Summary. Recent work has suggested that greater attention might be paid to the archaeological potential of the modern ploughsoil. In particular, it seems likely that soil marks in chalkland areas can be remarkably resilient. This paper describes an attempt to recover and analyse soil marks on a gravel site through sieving of the modern ploughsoil. Such an approach may shed considerable light on the original form of earthwork monuments otherwise obliterated by modern agriculture, but does not entail any disturbance of stratified deposits.

Notes: The paper investigates the scale of relocations generated by property-led regeneration schemes and identifies the perceived benefits accruing to occupiers of relocating to such developments. In so doing the implications for the local property market of such moves, in respect of the performance of new and existing developments, are revealed.

Notes: Purpose - This paper aims to contribute to the theory of property development as a complex process that involves multiple drivers, stakeholders and contributions from many academic disciplines. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents a web-based model of the property development process consisting of seven defined major elements, each of which is subdivided and linked by functional relationships. The model is applied to three linked case studies drawn from Grainger Town in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, which involve the conversion or redevelopment of listed buildings in the context of urban regeneration. Findings - The case studies examined demonstrate the influential roles of many private sector actors and different arms of government. Site characteristics were found to have a bearing on events, as did long-term trends. These inputs were often independent of economic or property market forces. Research limitations/implications - The paper relates primarily to commercial development in the UK. The three case studies inevitably present particular circumstances, though they do represent the reuse of existing urban sites, which is highly complex and increasingly the norm. Practical implications - The findings of this paper should be of practical benefit to anyone involved in property development and of particular interest to organisations whose core business is not development or to anyone engaged in a public-private development partnership. Originality/value - This paper presents an original way of conceiving the property development process using a web-based model. The model may be used to analyse situations where development is strongly influenced by social, political or environmental factors.

Notes: This paper is concerned with the development of commercial real estate in broadly capitalist economies. Rational project planning for such development is not well advanced. Property advisers agree that the development process is infinitely flexible; circumstances alter cases. There is much objective knowledge about aspects of development, although decisions are often based on subjective personal experience. Academic research from various disciplines has concentrated on the process, providing a framework of ideas but little empirical support. How development projects evolve depends upon structural forces that are not only economic, and the actors who become involved. This paper argues that the nature of the site is also important. Analysis of literature suggests a model based on four "dimensions", structure, actors, site and events. Two case studies from Newcastle upon Tyne and Cape Town are used to test this theory; these were researched largely by interviewing the actors. Software for development is underdeveloped. Financial appraisal packages merely crunch the numbers provided. Existing software does little to alert actors to opportunities, constraints and pitfalls or assist them with decisions. Research should aim to develop decision-support software of real practical use to actors in the management of projects.

Notes: Abstract The question of neutrino mass is one of the major riddles in particle physics. Recently, strong evidence that neutrinos have nonzero masses has been found. Though tiny, these masses could be large enough to contribute significantly to the mass density of the universe. The evidence for nonvanishing neutrino masses is based on the apparent observation of neutrino oscillation-the transformation of a neutrino from one type or "flavor" to another. We explain the physics of neutrino oscillation and review and weigh the evidence that it actually occurs in nature. We discuss the constraints on neutrino mass from cosmology and from experiments with negative results. After presenting illustrative neutrino mass spectra suggested by the present data, we consider how experiments in the near and distant future can further illuminate the nature of neutrinos and their masses.

Notes: Abstract: Breast cancer is accompanied by increased oxidative stress and induction of polymorphic cytochrome P-450 mixed oxidase enzymes (CYP). Both processes affect the abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the breath because oxidative stress causes lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in membranes, producing alkanes and methylalkanes which are catabolized by CYP. We performed a pilot study of breath VOCs, a potential new marker of disease in women with breast cancer. This was a combined case-control and cross-sectional study of women with abnormal mammograms scheduled for a breast biopsy. Breath samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy in order to determine the breath methylated alkane contour (BMAC), a three-dimensional display of the alveolar gradients (abundance in breath minus abundance in room air) of C4–C20 alkanes and monomethylated alkanes. BMACs in women with and without breast cancer were compared using forward stepwise discriminant analysis. Two hundred one breath samples were obtained from women with abnormal mammograms and biopsies read by two pathologists. There were 51 cases of breast cancer in 198 concordant biopsies. The breath test distinguished between women with breast cancer and healthy volunteers with a sensitivity of 94.1% (48/51) and a specificity of 73.8% (31/42) (cross-validated sensitivity 88.2% (45/51), specificity 73.8% (31/42)). Compared to women with abnormal mammograms and no cancer on biopsy, the breath test identified breast cancer with a sensitivity of 62.7% (32/51) and a specificity of 84.0% (42/50) (cross-validated sensitivity of 60.8% (31/51), specificity of 82.0% (41/50)). The negative predictive value (NPV) of a screening breath test for breast cancer was superior to a screening mammogram (99.93% versus 99.89%); the positive predictive value (PPV) of a screening mammogram was superior to a screening breath test (4.63% versus 1.29%). A breath test for markers of oxidative stress accurately identified women with breast cancer, with an NPV superior to a screening mammogram. This breath test could potentially be employed as a primary screen for breast cancer. Confirmatory studies in larger groups are required.

Notes: Eleven normal pregnant women selected specifically to avoid the stigmata of potential diabetes, had serial, rapid 25 g. intravenous glucose tolerance tests done at 11 to 13, 25 to 27, and 37 to 39 week's gestation. The results expressed as increment indices and k values showed a significant decrease in glucose tolerance between the second and third trimesters. The difference in the increment indices, between the first and second trimesters was also significant There was no significant difference in the mean fasting venous plasma glucose levels between the three stages of pregnancy studied. It is concluded that intravenous glucose tolerance decreases with advancing gestation.