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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 20 (1991), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a very low noise voltage clamp technique it has been possible to record from the squid giant axon a slow component of gating current (I g ) during the inactivation phase of the macroscopic sodium current (I Na ) which was hitherto buried in the baseline noise. In order to examine whether this slowI g contains gating charge that originates from transitions between the open (O) and the inactivated (I) states, which would indicate a true voltage dependence of inactivation, or whether other transitions contribute charge to slowI g , a new model independent analysis termed isochronic plot analysis has been developed. From a direct correlation ofI g and the time derivative of the sodium conductance dg Na/d the condition when only O-I transitions occur is detected. Then the ratio of the two signals is constant and a straight line appears in an isochronic plot ofI g vs. dg Na/d . Its slope does not depend on voltage or time and corresponds to the quantal gating charge of the O-I transition (q h ) divided by the single channel ionic conductance (γ). This condition was found at voltages above − 10 mV up to + 40 mV and a figure of 1.21e − was obtained forq h at temperatures of 5 and 15°C. At lower voltages additional charge from other transitions, e.g. closed to open, is displaced during macroscopic inactivation. This means that conventional Eyring rate analysis of the inactivation time constant τ h is only valid above − 10 mV and here the figure forq h was confirmed also from this analysis. It is further shown that most of the present controversies surrounding the voltage dependence of inactivation can be clarified. The validity of the isochronic plot analysis has been confirmed using simulated gating and ionic currents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 12 (1974), S. 730-732 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Patient electrical isolation ; body capacitance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 24 (1986), S. 281-291 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Biotelemetry ; Crystal control ; Multichannel ; Transcutaneous power
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The design and prototype realisation of a complete radiotelemetry system for long-term monitoring of laboratory animals is described. The transmitter component is potentially implantable and transcutaneously powered using a single-component 200 kHz magnetic field. Monitoring of up to four data channels is possible using time-division multiplexing. The FM carrier is quartz crystal controlled to ensure long-term system stability and satisfy UK biomedical telemetry regulations. Implementation of the system would now require miniaturisation of the implantable transmitter component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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