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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gonadal regulation of GABAA receptors in the different brain areas of the male Japanese quail (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 87 (1991), S. 634-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Quantitative autoradiography ; GABAA receptors ; [3H] muscimol ; Saturation binding ; Gonadal steroids ; Male Japanese quail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative autoradiography was used to investigate the distribution and effects of gonadal hormones on [3H] muscimol (specific GABAA receptor ligand) binding in the male Japanese quail brain. In gonadally intact Japanese quail brains, [3H] muscimol revealed a heterogeneous distribution with high GABAA receptor levels in the cerebellum pars granularis (656 fmol/mg wet weight of tissue) and in the pars molecularis (405 fmol/mg wet weight of tissue). Low receptor levels were found in the nucleus preopticus anterior and the nucleus lateralis of the hypothalamic regions (〈220 fmol/mg wet weight of tissue) as well as thalamic nuclei such as rotundus and pretectalis (220–261 fmol/ mg wet weight of tissue). Castration resulted in [3H] muscimol binding changes in both brain areas that contain steroid receptors and brain areas devoid of steroid receptors. In fact, castration led to high binding levels in the preopticus anterior nucleus and in the anterior neostriatum area, brain areas that are known to contain gonadal steroid receptors. Castration also elevated [3H] muscimol binding in the hyperstriatum ventrale and reduced binding levels in the paleostriatum augmentatum and the stratum griseum centrale area; all of these areas are known to be devoid of gonadal steroid receptors. At this point it was also important to know whether the gonadal steroid effect is due to alterations in the number of binding sites (Bmax) and/or the affinity binding state (KD). The saturation binding study, dealing with some of the areas described above in brains of male quails castrated or castrated and treated with testosterone or estradiol, demonstrated that the steroid replacement therapy was responsible for the changes of the Bmax. Diminishing Bmax values were displayed in the hypothalamic preoptic area and the hyperstriatum ventrale of the male quail treated with testosterone and estradiol while a reduced Bmax was obtained in the anterior neostriatum of the quail treated with the former steroid. Our findings suggest that these steroids might control some centrally mediated behavior activities through effects on the maximum number of GABAA binding sites in the male Japanese quail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227088
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The endocannabinoid system in the brain of Carassius auratus and its possible role in the control of food intake (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 95 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol have been suggested to regulate food intake in several animal phyla. Orthologs of the mammalian cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors have been identified in fish. We investigated the presence of this endocannabinoid system in the brain of the goldfish Carassius auratus and its role in food consumption. CB1-like immunoreactivity was distributed throughout the goldfish brain. The prosencephalon showed strong CB1-like immunoreactivity in the telencephalon and the inferior lobes of the posterior hypothalamus. Endocannabinoids were detected in all brain regions of C. auratus and an anandamide-hydrolysing enzymatic activity with features similar to those of mammalian fatty acid amide hydrolase was found. Food deprivation for 24 h was accompanied by a significant increase of anandamide, but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol, levels only in the telencephalon. Anandamide caused a dose-dependent effect on food intake within 2 h of intraperitoneal administration to satiated fish and significantly enhanced or reduced food intake at low (1 pg/g body weight) or intermediate (10 pg/g) doses, respectively, the highest dose tested (100 pg/g) being inactive. We suggest that endocannabinoids might variously contribute to adaptive responses to food shortage in fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03406.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of histamine-containing neurons in the brain of the crested newt, Triturus carnifex (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Histamine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Brain, vertebrate ; Catecholamines ; Triturus carnifex (Urodela)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of immunoreactivity for histamine was studied in the brain of the urodele Triturus carnifex using the indirect immunofluorescence method. Histamine-immunoreactive cell bodies were localized in the caudal hypothalamus within the dorsolateral walls of the infundibular recesses. These immunoreactive cell bodies were pear-shaped, bipolar and frequently of the cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting type. Histaminergic nerve fibers were detected in almost all parts of the brain. Dense innervation was seen in the telencephalic medial pallium and ventral striatum, the neuropil of the preoptic area, the septum, the paraventricular organ, the posterior commissure, the caudal hypothalamus, the ventral and lateral mesencephalic tegmentum. Medium density innervation was observed in the lateral mesencephalic tegmentum and optic tectum. Poor innervation was present in the telencephalic dorsal pallium and in the central gray of the medulla oblongata. Few fibers occurred in the olfactory bulbs and in the telencephalic lateral pallium. Double immunofluorescence staining, using an antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase, showed that histamine-immunostained somata and those containing tyrosine-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity were co-distributed in the tuberal hypothalamus. No co-occurrence of histamine-like and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunostaining was seen in the same neuron. The pattern of histamine-immunoreactive neurons in the newt was similar to that described in other vertebrates. Our observations, carried out on the apparently simplified brain of the newt confirm that the basic histaminergic system is well conserved throughout vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323580
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Golgi study on the hypothalamus of amphibia (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 341-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuronal typology ; Amphibia ; Hypothalamus ; Golgi technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuronal typology in the hypothalamus of the frog and the crested newt was studied by the Golgi technique. In the newt, piriform, multipolar or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons of relatively primitive type, according to the classification of Ramón-Moliner, are encountered in the preoptic area. Moreover, magnocellular neurons are impregnated. In the frog the preoptic area shows a more varied typology. The posterior hypothalami of the frog and the newt exhibit mainly bipolar CSF-contacting and piriform neurons. These latter are generally “tufted”, but some bipolar of multipolar cells are encountered, especially in the frog. The simple anatomical organization of the amphibian hypothalamus corresponds well with the pattern of a “generalized” integrative area where multimodal sensory inputs converge — including visceral information from cerebrospinal fluid by means of hypothalamic CSF-contacting sensors — to regulate the neuroendocrine outflow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218699
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Golgi study of the hypothalamus of Actinopterygii (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 475-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Actinopterygii ; Preoptic area ; Golgi study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The preoptic area of a primitive actinopterygian, the polypteriform, Calamoichthys calabaricus Smithi, and of the teleost, Anguilla anguilla L., have been studied by Golgi and other neurohistological and histochemical methods. In the preoptic area two regions can be recognized: a cell rich median region and a lateral one, composed mostly of fiber systems. After Golgi staining a varied population of neurons is seen, including: (1) magnocellular neurons, endowed with a number of dendrites and an axon emerging from the main dendritic shaft; (2) lophodendritic tufted or pyriform neurons of variable morphology (often of the midget type); (3) cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons; (4) bipolar and horizontal neurons. Of relevant interest is also the observation of commissural neurons, of a distinct precommissural nucleus, and of bipolar neurons, the axons of which course toward the ventral hypopallium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224936
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hypothalamus of Lacerta sicula R. (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 230 (1983), S. 387-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Preoptic area ; Golgi method ; Lacerta sicula ; Reptilia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An analysis of the preoptic area of the lizard, Lacerta sicula R., with the use of the Golgi method revealed that: 1)in principle, the dendritic pattern of its neurons is relatively simple; 2) the supraoptic nucleus contains large- to medium-sized bipolar or multipolar neurons together with small, usually multipolar nerve cells; 3) the preoptic periventricular gray and the paraventricular nucleus exhibit a varied neuronal typology, including large multipolar or bipolar elements, abundant CSF-contacting neurons, and some tufted elements; and 4) the lateral regions display some conspicuous multipolar neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213812
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Golgi study of the hypothalamus of Actinopterygii (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 433-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Posterior hypothalamus ; Golgi technique ; Actinopterygii ; Teleostei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior hypothalami of the polypteriform, Calamoichthys, and of the teleost, Anguilla, were studied by means of the Golgi technique. In Calamoichthys, the lateral lobes are not developed and the median lobe is simple. In Anguilla, the median (tuberal) lobe shows lophodendritic, CSF-contacting cells and horizontal cells in the periventricular grey and some reticular elements directed toward the cell-poor lateral areas. In the lateral lobes the periventricular grey is formed by multipolar neurons and a diffuse population of multipolar cells of uncertain identity. The nucleus diffusus lobi lateralis is formed by scarce multipolar neurons, often placed next to the external surface of the brain. The organization of the lateral lobes in Actinopterygii is reminiscent of highly developed integrative regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219807
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The optic tectum of Calamoichthys calabaricus smithi (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 491-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Optic tectum ; Golgi method ; Calamoichthys calabaricus (Polypteriformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The optic tectum of Calamoichthys calabaricus (Polypteriformes) shows a relatively complex vertical stratification, with six main layers and a varied neuronal typology. In particular, pyriform neurons in the well developed stratum griseum periventriculare and some multipolar neurons in the stratum griseum profundum represent the efferent elements of the tectum, while the optic and lemniscal inputs to the tectum converge in the plexiform sublayers of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. In the circuitry of the tectum some modulation is achieved by some of the polymorphic cells of the stratum griseum internum and by the horizontal cells of the outer layers. Notwithstanding some differences with respect to the teleost optic lobe (i.e., the absence of a torus longitudinalis; the lack of a stratum fibrosum marginale; the modest size of the stratum fibrosum profundum; the paucity of neurons in the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale; and the ill-defined separation of the layers of the afferent and efferent fibers), the optic tectum of Calamoichthys resembles the mesotectal type characteristic of teleosts, anurans and reptiles. It exhibits higher degree of organization than the optic tectum of the Chondrostei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219831
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hypothalamus of Lacerta sicula R. (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Lizard (Lacerta sicula R.) ; Golgi methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior (caudal) hypothalamus of the lizard, Lacerta sicula R. was investigated by means of Golgi methods. The periventricular grey is formed mainly by isodendritic bipolar and multipolar neurons, while in the lateral hypothalamus a more stellate form of neuronal elements is encountered. CSF-contacting neurons are restricted to the tuberal area and to the paraventricular organ. In the latter area they are highly differentiated and endowed with laterally branched processes. The overall pattern of the lizard hypothalamus (organization of neuropil, lateral nuclei, appearance of cell clusters, morphology of the neuronal elements) represents an intermediate stage in the phylogenetic development of the hypothalamus, being more advanced than the amphibian stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221499
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Golgi study on the neuronal morphology in the hypothalamus of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus, avian ; Tuberal region ; Mammillary region ; Neuronal morphology ; Coturnix coturnix japonica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal morphology and dendritic architecture of the tuberal and mammillary regions in the hypothalamus of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were investigated by means of classical neuroanatomical methods (Bodian silver impregnation, Luxol-fast blue, cresyl violet, toluidine blue, rapid Golgi method). The tuberal region is characterized by isodendritic neurons, in particular: a) pyriform and bipolar neurons, occasionally arranged diagonally to the ventricular surface; b) CSF-contacting neurons, located subependymally or more deeply in the periventricular gray, which are especially abundant in the paraventricular organ and in the proximity of the median eminence; c) numerous multipolar neurons, endowed with stout, almost unbranched dendritic processes, occupying generally the medio-lateral areas of the hypothalamus. Some multipolar neurons display somata, pyramidal or ovoidal in shape, almost imperceptibly tapering into three or more dendritic trunks. These relatively straight and long dendrites are rich in dendritic spines. In the mammillary region, Golgi impregnation shows multipolar neurons of medium size, most likely belonging to the lateral mammillary nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214239
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