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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased intestinal glucose absorption and postprandial hyperglycaemia at the early step of glucose intolerance in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats (1998)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 41 (1998), S. 1459-1466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords OLETF ; xylose ; SGLT1 ; intestinal hypertrophy ; glucose absorption ; postprandial hyperglycaemia.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats are reported to be obese Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic rats with insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. To investigate the contribution of intestinal glucose absorption to postprandial hyperglycaemia, we determined the plasma xylose concentrations after an 0.8 g/kg oral xylose load which was used as a test of small intestinal glucose absorption in 6-week-old OLETF rats and weight-matched Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. An oral glucose tolerance test showed that OLETF rats developed hyperglycaemia at 60 and 90 min after the glucose load, though the fasting plasma glucose concentration, insulin concentration and insulin-induced in vivo glucose utilization rate were similar. Consistently, in an oral D-xylose loading test, the peak concentration of plasma xylose in OLETF rats was increased by 58.7 % compared with that of LETO rats (p 〈 0.005). The disappearance rate of plasma xylose concentrations after intravenous xylose loading did not differ between the two strains. Co-treatment with 0.4 g/kg phlorizin, a specific inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), abolished both plasma glucose and xylose concentrations after the loads. Morphological studies showed that both the small intestinal wet weight and surface area were 30 % larger in the OLETF rats than in the LETO rats. Furthermore, the SGLT1 mRNA content of OLETF rats also increased compared with LETO rats. These results suggest that an increased SGLT1 expression concomitant with intestinal hypertrophy in OLETF rats is partly associated with postprandial hyperglycaemia before the onset of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 1459–1466]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051092
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide formation in the dog sphincter of Oddi from nitric oxide donors as measured with in vivo micro-dialysis (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 14 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nitric oxide (NO) is known to play an important role in neurally mediated relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Aim:We investigated whether NO donors, such as nitroglycerin or zwitterionic polyamine/NO, applied into the common bile duct or intravenously, may induce the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi by producing NO in the anaesthetized dog.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods:NO production in the sphincter of Oddi was measured by detecting NO oxidation products (NO2– and NO3–) using micro-dialysis methods.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:Zwitterionic polyamine/NO and nitroglycerin applied into the common bile duct induced a marked increase in NO2– but not NO3–, in the sphincter of Oddi. Intravenous infusion of zwitterionic polyamine/NO and nitroglycerin induced little or no increase in NO2– formation. Nitroglycerin infused into either the common bile duct or intravenously administered produced relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, but zwitterionic polyamine/NO had no effect on the sphincter of Oddi in spite of the increase in NO2– levels.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions:Locally or systemically applied NO donors induce relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi by producing NO, although their mode of action differs in different analogues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00811.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of [d-Ala^2]deltorphin I-like immunoreactivity in mucosal epithelial cells of the rat gastrointestinal tract
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 15 (1994), S. 1095-1100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Deltorphin ; Electron microscopy ; Gut ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat ; δ-Opioid receptors
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(94)90076-0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Luminal release of somatostatin from rat duodenum
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Regulatory Peptides 40 (1992), S. 149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-0115
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-0115(92)90216-H
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of reserpine on 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP)-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain (1994)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 101 (1994), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By immunohistochemistry of rat brain in conjunction with a specific antibody against 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), we examined immunoreactivity to 5HTP in neurons, from which 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT; serotonin) was depleted by reserpine treatment. The distribution patterns of 5HTP-positive neurons overlapped with those of 5HT neurons. Treatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg, 90 min before death) caused a complete suppression of 5HT-positive staining, but 5HTP-immunostaining remained in perikarya of the nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior and obscurus. Treatment with reserpine (25 mg/kg, 90 min before death) suppressed the 5HTP-immunoreaction in certain perikarya (e.g. of the nucleus raphe dorsalis) and fibres; however, 5HTP-immunostaining remained in perikarya of the nuclei centralis superior and raphe obscurus. This suggests that these neurons synthesize more 5HTP by a process which appears to be stimulated by reserpine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315827
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive nerve cells and fibers in the rat gastrointestinal tract (1997)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 107 (1997), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive (5HT-IR) nerve cells and fibers was thoroughly investigated immunohistochemically in the rat stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. The immunoreactivity of the 5HT neurons was compared between non-treated controls and animals treated with colchicine, colchicine plus 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), colchicine plus pargyline, and reserpine. The intensity of immunoreactivity in nerve fibers as well as nerve cell bodies was enhanced mostly in colchicine plus pargyline treated animals, therefore these animals were used for an observation of precise localization of 5HT in the rat gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Immunoreactivity in the nerve cell bodies and fibers was completely abolished in the GI tract of reserpine treated animals. The pattern of localization and projection of 5HT-IR neurons was similar in all segments of the rat GI tract. 5HT-IR nerve cell bodies were located in the myenteric plexus and showed the distinctive features of Dogiel type I neurons. Prominent bundles of varicose fibers traversed the myenteric ganglia and some of them surrounded the cell bodies of immunopositive and immunonegative neurons. 5HT-IR nerve fibers were located in the submucous plexus, densely entwined about the submucosal blood vessels. Most characteristically, 5HT-IR nerve fibers invaded the lamina propria of mucosa where they underlay the crypt epithelium. In conclusion, the present study showed that 5HT-IR neurons located in the myenteric plexus projected fibers widely in the rat GI tract. The localization of fibers in the lamina propria of mucosa implies that this neuron may exert an important role in the epithelial function of the GI tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180050094
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoelectron microscopic study of the luminal release of chromogranin A from rat enterochromaffin cells (1999)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 111 (1999), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recently we found that raising the intraluminal pressure caused an increase in the luminal release of serotonin from enterochromaffin (EC) cells and serotonin immunoreactivity normally restricted within the secretory granules was diffusely scattered over the extragranular matrix. In the present study we investigated the intracellular localization of chromogranin A, a protein co-stored with serotonin in the EC cells, after stimulating the luminal release of serotonin. In situ vascularly and luminally perfused rat duodenum was exposed to intraluminal pressure and fixed for immunoelectron microscopic study. For immunoelectron microscopy, the pre-embedding DAB reaction for serotonin combined with the postembedding immunogold reaction for chromogranin A was used. Results showed that a number of secretory granules labeled with immunogold chromogranin A immunoreactivity located close to the apical plasma membrane. Some EC cells showed that one part of the apical cytoplasm was protruded into the lumen and a number of secretory granules with immunogold labeling were included in the protruded cytoplasm. These results suggest that EC cells may release chromogranin A into the intestinal lumen together with serotonin, by means of a different manner of secretion from that in serotonin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180050355
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoelectron microscopic study of the luminal release of serotonin from rat enterochromaffin cells induced by high intraluminal pressure (1997)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 108 (1997), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Since definitive morphological studies showing the luminal release of serotonin have not been reported, we used a perfused system which allows physiological monitoring and biochemical as well as morphological evidence indicating release of serotonin from enterochromaffin cells. Isolated vascularly and luminally perfused rat duodenums exposed to 5–35 cmH2O of luminal pressure were measured for release of serotonin into the blood vessels and intestinal lumen. Immediately after raising the luminal pressure, the duodenum was fixed for immunoelectron microscopic localization of serotonin. Peristaltic contraction and serotonin content of the perfusates were continuously measured. The luminal release of serotonin increased with elevated intraluminal pressure, but the vascular release of serotonin was not altered. Tetrodotoxin had no effect on the pressure-stimulated luminal serotonin release. Enterochromaffin cells in control animals without increased luminal pressure contained immunogold-labeled secretory granules in the apical and basal cytoplasm. After intraluminal pressure increased, many apical secretory granules were no longer dense and immunogold particles were localized over the cytoplasmic matrix and microvilli. These findings indicate that luminal serotonin release is increased after raising the intraluminal pressure and serotonin, normally stored in the secretory granules of enterochromaffin cells, appears to be released into the cytoplasmic matrix and then diffuses or is transported into the intestinal lumen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180050151
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin-containing epithelial cells in rat duodenum. I. Quantitative morphometric study of the distribution density (1991)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 95 (1991), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin (5HT)-containing epithelial cells in rat duodenum were studied quantitatively by three-dimensional morphometric analysis. Longitudinal sections covering the whole length of rat duodenum were stained by either 5HT immunohistochemistry or by glyoxylic acid fluorescent histochemistry. Three-dimensional values for positive cell density, namely the number of 5HT cells per unit volume of the epithelium, were obtained by stereological morphometry with the aid of a computer-assisted image analyzer. This analytical method provides an absolute value for the distribution density of 5HT-containing cells regardless of thickness of sections, or which of the two histochemical procedures is used. The mean number of such cells per unit volume was higher in the crypts than in the villi but varied little along the duodenum. The density of 5HT cells in a given duodenal region, however, varied greatly among individual animals. The villi of the 10 to 16-mm segment from the pylorus were identified as having the smallest individual variation and therefore as being the most suitable for statistical evaluation in future pharmacohistochemical investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266770
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin-containing epithelial cells in rat duodenum. II. Quantitative study of the effect of 5HTP administration (1991)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 95 (1991), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) administration on serotonin (5HT)-containing epithelial cells in rat duodenum was investigated quantitatively using three-dimensional morphometry to determine cell density and HPLC to measure 5HT and 5HTP concentrations. The results are interpreted in terms of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) capacity of the cells. After administration of 5HTP, no significant change was observed in the density of 5HT-fluorescent epithelial cells in the duodenal region examined. Moreover, no evidence could be obtained that the concentration of 5HT in duodenal villi was increased after 5HTP administration, despite a highly significant increase in serum 5HTP and 5HT levels. These results indicate that no cells in the duodenal epithelium have the ability to decarboxylate exogenously administered 5HTP and convert it to 5HT under physiological conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266771
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