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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incorporation of Imidazolium Cations into an Enantiomeric Tartrate Host Lattice: Designing New Nonlinear Optical Materials (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Chemistry of materials 7 (1995), S. 909-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5002
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm00053a016
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Synthesis and Polymerization of Some 2-Methyl-3-alkyl-1,3-butadienes1 (1952)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 74 (1952), S. 1506-1509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01126a046
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intralipid triglyceride and oral glucose tolerance (1974)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 10 (1974), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Triglycerides ; fat tolerance test ; oral glucose tolerance ; plasma insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inter-relation between hypertriglyceridaemia and glucose intolerance has been studied experimentally in fifteen male subjects by measuring the effect of acute elevation of plasma triglyceride (injection of Intralipid intravenously) upon oral glucose tolerance. The induced hypertriglyceridaemia did not alter the mean blood glucose or plasma insulin response to oral glucose. The associations between plasma triglyceride levels and glucose tolerance observed both in general population studies and in “patient” populations are probably due to a mutual link with a further factor or factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01219663
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Worsening to diabetes in men with impaired glucose tolerance (“borderline diabetes”) (1979)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 16 (1979), S. 25-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: diabetes mellitus ; impaired glucose tolerance ; borderline diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two hundred and four men with impaired glucose tolerance (borderline diabetes) discovered in a screening examination have been observed for five years and repeated tests of glucose tolerance performed. By pre-determined criteria 27 men ‘worsened to diabetes’ and this metabolic deterioration was not significantly influenced by treatment with carbohydrate restriction with or without a daily dose of 50 mg phenformin. Of the baseline variables measured prior to treatment allocation only the blood glucose values were significantly predictive of ultimate worsening to diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423146
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interrelationships of microangiopathy, plasma glucose and other risk factors in 3583 diabetic patients: A multinational study (1982)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 22 (1982), S. 412-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes ; retinopathy ; glomerulosclerosis ; microangiopathy ; plasma glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a multinational study, fasting plasma glucose values in 3583 diabetic patients, aged 34–56 years, were related to the characteristics of these subjects and to the presence and severity of microangiopathy as ascertained by standardised methods. The patients were from nine different populations and ranged in number from 193 to 686 per population (London, Warsaw, Berlin (FRG), New Delhi, Tokyo, Havana, Oklahoma Indians, Arizona Pima Indians, and a national sample in Switzerland). In the total group, mean fasting plasma glucose was 8.1 mmol/l for those on diet alone, 9.7 mmol/l for those on oral agents, and 12.7 mmol/l for insulin-treated patients, of whom 25% had values exceeding 16.5 mmol/l. Since many variables were measured in each patient, it was possible to take into account many confounding factors in evaluating the relationship of plasma glucose levels to retinopathy and nephropathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282582
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diabetes mortality: New light on an underestimated public health problem (1983)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 24 (1983), S. 336-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mortality ; circulatory diseases ; ischaemic heart disease ; neoplasms ; nephritis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mortality from diabetes is underestimated four- to fivefold by methods of analysis of death certification data which use only underlying cause of death. This problem is partially overcome by coding all conditions mentioned on death certificates. For a sample of deaths in England and Wales over the years 1972–1977, the observed proportion of certificates with specific underlying causes of death for certificates mentioning diabetes was compared with the expected proportion for all certificates. These observed/expected ratios were significantly increased in each sex for circulatory diseases and were significantly reduced for neoplasms. For ‘nephritis’ they were also increased, especially below 45 years of age. These results were confirmed by an analysis of underlying cause of death in a cohort of nearly 6,000 members of the British Diabetic Association. Of the 2,134 deaths in this cohort, diabetes was not mentioned on 33% of the death certificates. For the period 1972–1977, death rates for circulatory diseases associated with diabetes increased by 6% for males but remained constant for females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251820
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microvascular and acute complications in IDDM patients: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 278-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: IDDM ; glycaemic control ; hypoglycaemia ; ketosis ; retinopathy ; nephropathy ; neuropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prevalence of microvascular and acute diabetic complications, and their relation to duration of diabetes and glycaemic control were examined in a cross-sectional study of 3250 IDDM patients in Europe (EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study). Mean (SD) duration of diabetes was 14.7 (9.3) years. HbA1c and AER were measured centrally. Retinopathy was assessed by centrally graded retinal photography. Autonomic neuropathy was measured by heart rate and blood pressure responses to standing up. Sensory neuropathy was measured by biothesiometry. Normal HbA1c was found in 16% of patients. An AER of 20 μg/min or higher was found in 30.6% (95% CI 29.0%, 32.2%) of all patients, and 19.3% (15.6%, 23.0%) of those with diabetes for 1 to 5 years. The prevalence of retinopathy (46% in all patients; 82% after 20 or more years) was substantially lower than in comparable studies. Of all patients 5.9% (5.1%, 6.7%) had postural hypotension, 19.3% (17.9%, 20.7%) had abnormal heart rate variability, 32.2% (30.6%, 33.8%) reported one or more severe hypoglycaemic attacks during the last 12 months and 8.6% (7.6%, 9.6%) reported hospital admission for ketosis over the same period. Microvascular and acute complications were clearly related to duration of diabetes and to glycaemic control. However, the relation of glycaemic control to raised albuminuria differed qualitatively from its relation to retinopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398055
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is autonomic neuropathy a risk factor for severe hypoglycaemia? The EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 1372-1376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Autonomic neuropathy ; severe hypoglycaemia ; glycaemic control ; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis that diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy are at increased risk of severe hypoglycaemia was examined in an epidemiological study of over 3000 IDDM patients in Europe (EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study). Autonomic function was assessed by two standard cardiovascular tests: change in heart rate and systolic blood pressure on standing. Severe hypoglycaemia was defined as an attack serious enough to require the help of another person. Compared to patients (68 %) reporting no attacks in the last year, those reporting one or more attacks were older (34.0 ± 10.7 vs 32.1 ± 9.9 years, mean ± SD, p 〈 0.0001), had had diabetes for a longer period (16.6 ± 9.5 vs 13.8 ± 9.1 years, p 〈 0.0001), had better glycaemic control (HbA1c 6.4 ± 1.8 vs 6.9 ± 1.9 %, p 〈 0.0001) and were more likely (p = 0.002) to have abnormal responses to both autonomic tests (13.0 vs 7.7 %). A single abnormal autonomic response was not associated with an increased risk of severe hypoglycaemia. The odds ratio for severe hypoglycaemia in people with abnormal responses to both autonomic tests, compared to those with normal responses, was 1.7 (95 % confidence interval 1.3, 2.2) after controlling for age, duration of diabetes, glycaemic control and study centre. In conclusion, a combined autonomic deficit in heart rate and blood pressure responses to standing is associated with only a modest increase in the risk of severe spontaneous hypoglycaemia. Although the increase in risk is not large, severe hypoglycaemia was a frequently reported event in this study. IDDM patients with deficient autonomic responses who strive for tight glycaemic control may therefore be at particular risk of severe hypoglycaemia. [Diabetologia (1996) 39: 1372–1376]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050585
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its relation to glycaemic control and potential risk factors: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 1377-1384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; diabetic neuropathy ; prevalence ; glycaemic control ; microalbuminuria ; impotence ; epidemiology.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study involved the examination of 3250 randomly selected insulin-dependent diabetic patients, from 31 centres in 16 European countries. Part of the examination included an assessment of neurological function including neuropathic symptoms and physical signs, vibration perception threshold, tests of autonomic function and the prevalence of impotence. The prevalence of diabetic neuropathy across Europe was 28 % with no significant geographical differences. Significant correlations were observed between the presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with age (p 〈 0.05), duration of diabetes (p 〈 0.001), quality of metabolic control (p 〈 0.001), height (p 〈 0.01), the presence of background or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (p 〈 0.01), cigarette smoking (p 〈 0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p 〈 0.001) and the presence of cardiovascular disease (p 〈 0.05), thus confirming previous associations. New associations have been identified from this study – namely with elevated diastolic blood pressure (p 〈 0.05), the presence of severe ketoacidosis (p 〈 0.001), an increase in the levels of fasting triglyceride (p 〈 0.001), and the presence of microalbuminuria (p 〈 0.01). All the data were adjusted for age, duration of diabetes and HbA1c. Although alcohol intake correlated with absence of leg reflexes and autonomic dysfunction, there was no overall association of alcohol consumption and neuropathy. The reported problems of impotence were extremely variable between centres, suggesting many cultural and attitudinal differences in the collection of such information in different European countries. In conclusion, this study has identified previously known and new potential risk factors for the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. [Diabetologia (1996) 39: 1377–1384]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050586
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incidence of macrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus: the London cohort of the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetics (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 584-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; ischaemic heart disease ; myocardial infarction ; electrocardiography ; cerebrovascular disease ; peripheral vascular disease ; incidence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report on the incidence of new macrovascular disease among the 497 members of the London Cohort of the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetics (aged 35–54 years at recruitment) over a mean 8.33 year follow-up period. Overall at the end of the follow-up period the prevalence of macrovascular disease in the cohort was 45%; 43% of the subjects showed evidence of ischaemic heart disease, 4.5% of cerebrovascular disease and 4.2% of peripheral vascular disease. The incidence rates for new disease in those subjects who were free at baseline expressed per 1000 patient years of follow-up were: ischaemic ECG abnormality 23.6 (patients with insulin-dependent diabetes 19.8, patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes 28.1), myocardial infarction 17.6 (patients with insulin-dependent diabetes 16.5, patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes 18.8), all ichaemic heart disease 31.7 (patients with insulin-dependent diabetes 30.3, patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes 33.4), cerebrovascular disease 5.9 and peripheral vascular disease 5.2. Incidence rates were generally similar among men and women except for myocardial infarction in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes where men had a significantly higher incidence rate. Macrovascular disease is a major problem in patients with diabetes and in this age group is mainly manifested as ischaemic heart disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400278
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