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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 109-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic nerves ; Anal sphincter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy and the adrenergic innervation of the rectum, internal anal sphincter and of accessory structures are described for the guinea-pig. The distribution of adrenergic nerves was examined using the fluorescence histochemical technique applied to both sections and whole mount preparations. The longitudinal and circular muscle of the rectum and the muscularis mucosae are all supplied by adrenergic nerve terminals. The density of the adrenergic innervation of the muscularis externa increases towards the anal sphincter. There is a very dense innervation of the internal anal sphincter, of the anal accessory muscles and of the corrugator ani. Non-fluorescent neurons in the ganglia of the myenteric plexus are supplied by adrenergic terminals. The ganglia become smaller and sparser towards the internal anal sphincter and non-ganglionated nerve strands containing adrenergic axons run from the plexus to the sphincter muscle. Adrenergic fibers innervate two interconnected ganglionated plexuses in the submucosa. Very few adrenergic nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus and they were not found at all in the submucosa. The extrinsic arteries and veins of the pelvic region are heavily innervated by adrenergic nerves. Within the gut wall the arteries are densely innervated but there is little or no innervation of the veins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Pelvic viscera ; Gastrointestinal tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the pelvic viscera was examined by the fluorescence histochemical technique, applied to tissue from untreated guinea-pigs and from guinea-pigs in which nerve pathways had been interrupted at operation. It was found that adrenergic neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglia give rise to axons which run in the colonic nerves and end in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and around the arteries of the distal colon. In the rectum, part of the innervation of the myenteric plexus and all of the innervation of the submucous plexus comes from the inferior mesenteric ganglia. The rest of the adrenergic innervation of the myenteric plexus comes from the posterior pelvic ganglia or the sacral sympathetic chains. The innervation of the blood vessels of the rectum is from the posterior pelvic ganglia. Adrenergic nerves run from the sacral sympathetic chains and pass via nerves accompanying the rectal arteries to the internal anal sphincter. Other adrenergic fibres to the internal anal sphincter either arise in, or pass through, the posterior pelvic plexuses. The anal accessory muscle is innervated by adrenergic axons arising in the posterior pelvic plexuses. Adrenergic nerves which run in the pudendal nerves, probably from the sacral sympathetic chains, innervate the erectile tissue of the penis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Chromaffin cells ; Pelvic viscera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organs of the lower abdominal and pelvic regions of the guinea-pig receive nerves from the inferior mesenteric ganglia and pelvic plexuses. The inferior mesenteric ganglia connect with the sympathetic chains, the superior mesenteric ganglia, the pelvic plexuses via the hypogastric nerves, and with the gut. Each pelvic plexus consists of anterior and posterior parts which send filaments to the internal generative organs and to the rectum, internal anal sphincter and other pelvic organs. The pelvic nerves enter the posterior plexuses, which also receive rami from the sacral sympathetic chains. The adrenergic neurons of the pelvic plexuses are monopolar, do not have dendrites and are supplied by few varicose adrenergic axons. Nearly all the nerves contain adrenergic fibres. After exposure to formaldehyde vapour the chromaffin cells appear brightly fluorescent with one or two long, often varicose, processes. Most of the chromaffin cells are in Zuckerkandl's organ or in chromaffin bodies associated with the inferior mesenteric ganglia. Groups of chromaffin cells are found along the hypogastric nerves and in the pelvic plexuses; they become smaller and fewer as regions more posterior to Zuckerkandl's organ are approached.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 547 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 61 (1999), S. 117-142 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The enteric nervous system exerts local control over mixing and propulsive movements in the small intestine. When digestion is in progress, intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) are activated by the contents of the intestine. The IPANs that have been physiologically characterized are in the intrinsic myenteric ganglia. They are numerous, about 650/mm length of small intestine in the guinea pig, and communicate with each other through slow excitatory transmission to form self-reinforcing assemblies. High proportions of these neurons respond to chemicals in the lumen or to tension in the muscle; physiological stimuli activate assemblies of hundreds or thousands of IPANs. The IPANs make direct connections with muscle motor neurons and with ascending and descending interneurons. The circular muscle contracts as an annulus, about 2-3 mm in minimum oral-to-anal extent in the guinea pig small intestine. The smooth muscle cells form an electrical syncytium that is innervated by about 300 excitatory and 400 inhibitory motor neurons per mm length. The intrinsic nerve circuits that control mixing and propulsion in the small intestine are now known, but it remains to be determined how they are programmed to generate the motility patterns that are observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 29 (1989), S. 289-306 
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A subset of myenteric neurons in the intestine (AH neurons) generate prolonged (〉5 s) post-spike afterhyperpolarizations (slow AHPs) that are insensitive to apamin and tetraethylammonium. Generation of slow AHPs depends critically on Ca2+ entry and intracellular release of Ca2+ from stores, which then leads to the activation of a K+ conductance that underlies the slow AHP (gsAHP). Slow AHPs are inhibited by stimulation of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, suggesting that phosphorylation of the K+-channels that mediate the gsAHP (KsAHP-channels) is responsible for suppression of slow AHPs and possibly for the repolarization phase of slow AHPs. In the present study, we investigated the possibility that the rising phase of the slow AHP is mediated by dephosphorylation of KsAHP-channels by calcineurin (CaN), a Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, leading to an increase in gsAHP and activation of the associated current IsAHP. Slow AHPs and IsAHP were recorded using conventional recording techniques, and we tested the actions of two inhibitors of CaN, FK506 and cyclosporin A, and also the effect of the CaN autoinhibitory peptide applied intracellularly, on these events. We report here that all three treatments inhibited the slow AHP and IsAHP (〉70%) without significantly affecting the ability of neurons to fire action potentials. In addition, the slow AHP and IsAHP were suppressed by okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Our results indicate that activation of the gsAHP that underlies the post-depolarization slow AHPs in AH neurons is mediated by the actions CaN and non-Ca2+-dependent phosphatases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 8 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 1. Concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine were measured in the submucosa and myenteric plexus of innervated and extrinsically denervated guinea-pig ileum using a sensitive radioisotope enzymatic assay for catecholamines.2. Subcellular fractionation studies indicated that the microsomal fraction obtained from both layers of the normal ileum was greatly enriched with noradrenaline compared to the total homogenate. Low levels of adrenaline and dopamine were also detected in both layers of the ileum.3. After extrinsic denervation or pretreatment with reserpine, noradrenaline was reduced to less than 3% and could no longer be visualized histochemically. Small proportions of the adrenaline and dopamine also disappeared after extrinsic denervation.4. The residual amounts of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine present after extrinsic denervation were not sensitive to reserpine and were not concentrated in microsomal fractions suggesting that these amines are not stored as neurotransmitters in intrinsic neurons of the intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 4 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 1. The amounts by which various weights distended isolated segments from the distal colons of guinea-pigs were measured.2. Tetrodotoxin substantially reduced the distensibility of the intestine, but bretylium, guanethidine, hyoscine and methysergide had no significant effect.3. It is concluded that a local reflex involving enteric inhibitory nerves causes an accommodation of the intestine to stretch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 527 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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