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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of Interleukin-1 (Alpha and Beta), Interleukin-2 Secretion and Surface Expression of Interleukin-2 Receptor (IL-2R) by a Novel Cytokine Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (IL-lra) (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 36 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: IL-1 is a mediator of the acute inflammatory response and plays a key role in influencing growth and differentiation of immunocompetent lymphocytes. It can enhance transcription and secretion of the T-cell growth factor interleukin-2 (IL-2) and can stimulate the expression of membrane receptors for IL-2. However, the regulation and control of IL-1 activities are poorly understood. Recently an IL-1 inhibitor, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), has been described and cloned. This protein is a monokine originally found in the urine of febrile patients and in supernatants of human monocytes adhering to an IgG-coated surface, with an approximate molecular weight of 17 kDa, which is similar to IL-1β but having no IL-1-like activity and antagonizing IL-1 by binding to its cell surface receptor.These studies have examined some biological properties of hrIL-1ra, such as its effects on the secretion of IL-1α or IL-1β and IL-2, the surface expression of 1L-2R and DNA synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC from normal volunteers were separated and used at a concentration of 2.5 x 106 cells/ml. The cells were pretreated for 2h with hrIL-1ra (0.025-250 ng/ml), treated with LPS (10 ng/ml), and IL-1α and IL-1β secretion were determined by an ELISA method. In addition the influence of hrIL-1ra (25 ng/ml) on IL-2 generation was determined. In another set of experiments, flow cytometric analysis with an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody was determined on PHA-stimulaled PBMC pretreated wilh hrIL-1ra (2 h) and cultured for 48 h. The inhibition by hrIL-1ra of IL-2R expression was dose-dependent and when hrIL-1ra was used at 250 ng/ml the IL-2R was completely abolished. Lymphocyte DNA synthesis calculated from the net uptake of [3H]-thymidine (3H-TdR) was also inhibited by hrIL-1ra (0.025-25 ng/ml). In this report we found that hrIL-1ra inhibits, in a dose-dependent manner, the secretion of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, the surface expression of IL-2R and 3H-TdR incorporation in PBMC in vitro. These data suggest a new biological activity of hrIL-1ra and further extend the immunomodulatory potential and significance of this new cytokine. The action of IL-1ra on modulating the synthesis of IL-1 may be of paramount importance in the regulation of these effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02937.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute hemispheric stroke: Correlation between three-dimensional transcranial Doppler, MR-angiography, CT and clinical findings (1993)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 14 (1993), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: TCD-3D ; stroke ; MR angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Sono stati esaminati 50 pazienti affetti da stroke ischemico e 67 controlli privi di patologia vascolare intra o extracranica. I pazienti, entro 24 ore dall'evento acuto, sono stati valutati clinicamente mediante esame obiettivo neurologico (quantificato con la Canadian Neurological Scale o CNS) e sottoposti a Doppler transcranico 3D e tomografia computerizzata (TC) del cranio, quest'ultimo esame è stato ripetuto dopo il 15° giorno dall'evento. 15 pazienti sono stati sottoposti anche ad Angiografia, a risonanza magnetica nucleare (Angio-RMN) e Angiografia Digitalizzata in sottrazione di immagine (ADS). Abbiamo utilizzato i seguenti parametri Doppler: indice di asimmetria interemisferico (AI), velocità media (Vm) e indice di pulsatilità (I.P.), relativi all'arteria cerebrale media (ACM). Il confronto tra pazienti e controlli tramite l'analisi della varianza (ANOVA) relativamente all'AI è risultato significativo: F=50.8, p〈0.0001. La correlazione tra CNS e AI è risultata altrettanto valida: r=−0.56, p〈0.001. La correlazione fra CNS e TC cranio è risultata molto significativa: r=−0.72, p〈0.0001. Il Doppler transcranico ha permesso una valutazione quantitativa delle alterazioni emodinamiche e dei circoli collaterali di compenso ed è risultata una metodica valida per lo studio dello Stroke ischemico mostrando una buona correlazione con i dati clinici, con l'Angio-RMN e con l'estensione dell'area ischemica alla TC cranio.
    Notes: Abstract We examined 50 ischemic stroke patients and 67 controls free of vascular disease, intra- or extracranial. We assessed all subjects clinically by neurological examination (quantified on the Canadian Neurological Scale or CNS), by three-dimensional transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD-3D) and by computed tomography (CT) within 24 h of the acute event, repeating CT 15 days later. 15 patients also underwent magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). We used the following Doppler parameters: interhemispheric asymmetry index (AI), mean flow velocity (mV) and pulsatility index (PI) for the middle cerebral artery (MCA). The difference between patients and controls on analysis of the variance (ANOVA) in respect of AI was significant: F=50.8, p〈0.0001. The CNS-AI correlation was equally valid: r=−0.56, p〈0.001. The CNS-CT correlation proved to be highly significant: r=−0.72, p〈0.0001. TCD-3D allowed quantitative evaluation of the hemodynamic changes and of the collateral blood supply and proved to be a sound method for the investigation of ischemic stroke, correlating well with the clinical findings, MRA and lesion size on CT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02335663
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teaching organization in the degree course in medicine (1993)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 14 (1993), S. 553-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Teaching ; training areas ; integrated courses ; tutor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02336395
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evoked potential (EP) alterations in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE): early delays and latency reductions without plaques (1996)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 17 (1996), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Evoked potentials ; Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis ; Multiple sclerosis ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Ventiquattro cavie di ceppo 13 sono state sensibilizzate con omogenato di midollo spinale autologo in adiuvante di Freund, al fine di indurre un'Encefalite Allergica Sperimentale (EAE) nelle forme Cronica Recidivante (CR-EAE), Cronica Progressiva (CP-EAE) ed Acuta (A-EAE). Scopo dello studio era di osservare le modificazioni dei Potenziali Evocati stimolo correlati durante la progressione della malattia demielinizzante. Pertanto, prima dell'iniezione sensibilizzante e durante il decorso della malattia, sono stati registrati in tutti gli animali i potenziali evocati Visivi, Acustici troncoencefalici e Somatosensoriali. Un aumento di latenza dei potenziali evocati era repertabile dopo 15 giorni dall'iniezione sensibilizzante, concomitante o precedente la comparsa di sintomi clinici, quando non era ancora possibile evidenziare placche di demielinizzazione nei reperti anatomopatologici. Nel presente lavoro si discute la patofisiologia delle alterazioni dei potenziali evocati nell'EAE.
    Notes: Abstract Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in its chronic relapsing (CR-EAE), chronic progressive (CP-EAE) and acute (A-EAE) forms was obtained in 24 juvenile strain 13 guinea pigs. Visual, brainstem acoustic and somatosensory evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded in these animals prior to the sensitizing injection and during the course of the disease. Delays in the EPs appeared 15 days post-sensitization (dps), preceding or simultaneously with clinical alterations: electron microscopy revealed myelin stripping and vacuolation in the animals sacrificed 25 dps. Decreases in EP latency were recorded 32 dps; when electron microscopy revealed myelin layers indicating remyelination, whereas light microscopy showed only inflammatory changes. When confluent plaques were revealed by light microscopy 120 dps, the EP wave shapes were distorted or absent. The discussion reviews the literature on early myelin and conduction changes during central demyelination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995706
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long time echo STIR sequence magnetic resonance imaging of optic nerves in optic neuritis (1996)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 17 (1996), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: MRI ; Optic neuritis ; Multiple sclerosis ; VEP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Si descrivono i risultati ottenuti con indagini di Risonanza Magnetica (RM) dei nervi ottici (eseguite all'esordio e 12 mesi dopo) in 20 pazienti affetti da Neurite Ottica (NO) acuta, valutata in funzione della sintomatologia clinica e delle alterazioni campimetriche e del potenziale evocato visivo. Sono state analizzate le immagini RM in Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) mettendo a confronto i rilievi ottenuti con sequenza Short Time Echo (STE-STIR: 22 msec) rispetto a quelli ottenuti con Long Time Echo (LTE-STIR: 20 msec). Mentre con la convenzionale STE-STIR è stato possibile rilevare lesioni a carico dei nervi ottici nel 57.2% delle Neuriti Acute e nel 42.9% delle Neuriti Pregresse, la metodica LTE-STIR è risultata diagnostica nel 95.2% delle Neuriti Acute e nel 85% delle Neuriti Pregresse. Sia nelle NO acute che nelle pregresse, la lunghezza delle lesioni a carico dei nervi ottici sono risultate significativamente maggiori rispetto a quelle ottenute con la convenzionale metodica STE-STIR.
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance images of optic nerves were obtained in 20 patients with acute optic neuritis (ON), and assessed by means of clinical, visual field and visual evoked potential evaluations; the imaging was repeated 1 year later. The results of the conventional Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) sequence obtained using short time echo (STE-STIR: 22 msec) were compared with those of the long time echo sequence (LTE-STIR: 80 msec). The conventional STE-STIR sequence revealed lesions in 57.2% cases of acute ON and in 42.9% of the optic nerves affected by previous ON: the LTE-STIR sequence was diagnostic in 95.2% of acute ON cases and in 85% of patients with previous ON. The calculated length of the optic nerve lesions was significantly longer in the images obtained using the LTE-STIR sequence than in those obtained using conventional STE-STIR sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995707
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Are VEP abnormalities in optic neuritis (ON) dependent on plaque size? A reappraisal of the physiopathology of ON based on improved MRI and multiple-lead recordings (1996)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 17 (1996), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Visual evoked potentials ; VEP ; Optic neuritis ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario I 20 pazienti affetti da Neurite Ottica (NO), descritti nel precedente lavoro [23] sono stati sottoposti a registrazioni seriali multicanali dei Potenziali Evocati Visivi (PEV), per un periodo di 2 anni dall'esordio della NO. I PEV potevano correlare con le lesioni evidenziate con la Risonanza Magnetica, con le alterazioni campimetriche e con altri reperti clinici. Basandoci sulla loro distribuzione in mappa, i PEV sono stati classificati come realmente “ritardati” e “pseudo-ritardati”. PEV realmente “ritardati” potevano essere registrati all'esordio, o precocemente dopo l'episodio di NO, e la presenza del “ritardo” stava ad indicare un recupero della funzione visiva e, quindi, una prognosi fausta. Gli “pseudo-ritardi” indicavano un'alterazione del campo visivo a prognosi non favorevole per un recupero della funzione visiva, a meno che entro i primi 3 mesi dalla NO si fosse verificata una ricomparsa di componenti normali o “ritardate”. Gli “pseudo-ritardi” erano rilievi caratteristici nei pazienti con lesioni maggiormente lunghe alle immagini LTE-STIR MRI [23]. Nessuna correlazione è stata trovata tra latenza dei PEV e lunghezza delle placche. I nostri rilievi sono in disaccordo con precedenti teorie relative ai tempi di instaurazione-recupero delle alterazioni di conduzione nella NO e nella Sclerosi Multipla.
    Notes: Abstract Twenty patients with optic neuritis (ON) described in the previous study [23] underwent serial VEP recordings (using multiple electrode arrays) for two years. The VEPs could be correlated with the lesions revealed by MRI, Visual Field tests and other clinical findings. On the basis of their scalp distribution, they were classified as “really delayed” VEPs and “pseudo-delayed” VEPs. Real delays could be recorded at the onset of ON or shortly afterwards, and their appearance indicated the recovery of visual function and a good prognosis. Pseudo-delays indicated an alteration in the visual field and, unless a breakthrough of normal or delayed components appeared in the first three months, following acute ON, indicate a poor prognosis for the recovery of visual function. The pseudo-delayed VEPs were mainly observed in patients with longer lesions revealed by means of LTE-STIR MRI [23]; there was no correlation between VEP latency and the length of plaques. Our findings contradict previous theories on the timing of conduction alterations in ON and multiple sclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995708
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Associated central and peripheral demyelination: an electrophysiological study (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 235 (1988), S. 238-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Retrobulbar optic neuritis ; Guillain-Barré syndrome ; Visual evoked potentials ; Somatosensory evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case is reported in which retrobulbar neuritis preceded Guillain-Barré syndrome by 4 weeks. The visual evoked potential latencies were prolonged. After peripheral nervous system signs had cleared, median and peroneal somatosensory evoked potentials showed prolonged cervical N13, scalp N20 and L3-scalp conduction times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314355
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parkinsonism, basal ganglia calcification and epilepsy as late complications of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 232 (1985), S. 109-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Postoperative hypoparathyroidism ; Basal ganglia calcification ; Parkinsonism ; Epilepsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient with post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism, basal ganglia calcification, parkinsonism and seizures is reported. The parkinsonism was resistant to levodopa therapy but was not significantly improved by the correction of hypoparathyroidism. Previously reported cases are discussed, as well as the relationship between hypoparathyroidism, calcification of basal ganglia, parkinsonism and epilepsy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313910
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Randomized placebo-controlled trial of mitoxantrone in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 24-month clinical and MRI outcome (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 244 (1997), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Mitoxantrone ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We designed a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial involving 51 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients to determine the clinical efficacy of mitoxantrone treatment over 2 years. Patients were allocated either to the mitoxantrone group (27 patients receiving IV infusion of mitoxantrone every month for 1 year at the dosage of 8 mg/m2) or to the placebo group (24 patients, receiving IV infusion of saline every month for 1 year) using a centralized randomization system. Disability at entry and at 12–24 months was evaluated by four blinded neurologists trained in the application of the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Scale (EDSS). In addition, the number and clinical characteristics of the exacerbations over the 24 months were recorded by the local investigators. MRI, at 0,12 and 24 months, was performed with a 0.2 T permanent unit. MRI data were analysed by two blinded neuroradiologists. All patients underwent a clinical evaluation. A statistically significant difference in the mean number of exacerbations was observed between the mitoxantrone group and placebo group both during the 1st and the 2nd year. Although there was no statistically significant benefit in terms of mean EDSS progression over 2 years, the proportion of patients with confirmed progression of the disease, as measured by a one point increase on the EDSS scale, was significantly reduced at the 2nd year evaluation in the mitoxantrone group. Forty-two (23 mitoxantrone, 19 placebo) patients underwent all MRI examinations during the 24-month period. We observed a trend towards a reduction in the number of new lesions on T2-weighted images in the mitoxantrone group. Our study suggests that mitoxantrone might be effective in reducing disease activity, both by decreasing the mean number of exacerbations and by slowing the clinical progression sustained by most patients after 1 year from the end of treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050066
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Memory and naive CD4+ lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 239 (1992), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis ; Flow cytometry ; Lymphocyte subsets ; Naive cell ; Memory cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Helper-inducer (CD29+CD4+) and suppressor (CD45RACD4+) T-cells have been recently renamed as memory and naive T-cells, respectively. We measured cells expressing these phenotypes in peripheral blood of 46 definite multiple sclerosis (MS) patients [32 relapsing-remitting (RR-MS), 14 secondary progressive (P-MS)] and controls. CD25+ (interleukin-2-receptor-positive) cells were also evaluated in the same groups of patients. RR-MS patients showed increased levels of CD29+CD4+ and CD25+ cells compared with controls. This finding was more evident in RR-MS patients during the attack than during the stable phase of the disease. In P-MS patients we found a reduction of CD45+CD4+ cells compared with either RR-MS patients or control subjects. Our results show that RR-MS and P-MS are characterized by two different T-cell subpopulations. This finding supports the hypothesis that during the evolution from RR-MS and P-MS changes occur in the immunological status of the patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00856808
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