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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words  m-Chlorophenylpiperazine ; Drug discrimination ; Ethanol withdrawal ; Anxiety ; 17β-estradiol ; Sex difference ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: The serotonergic system plays a role in regulation of anxiety and ethanol withdrawal (EW). Nevertheless, few studies have assessed sex differences in serotonergic effects on EW. Objectives: This study examined sex differences in the anxiogenic stimu-li induced by a serotonin (5-HT)1b/2 agonist, meta- chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), prior to ethanol and during EW. Methods: Gonadectomized or sham-operated adult male and female rats and 17β-estradiol (2.5 mg, 21-day release, s.c.) -replaced ovariectomized (OVX) rats were trained to discriminate mCPP (1.2 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline in a two-lever choice task for food. Latency to the first lever press and mCPP lever selection were measured following mCPP (0–1.2 mg/kg). Rats then received chronic ethanol-containing liquid diet (6.5%) for 10 days and were tested for mCPP lever selection 12 h and 36 h after removal of ethanol. Results: Fewer sham female and β-estradiol-replaced OVX rats selected the mCPP lever than male or OVX rats, and showed an increased initiation latency after mCPP injection. During EW (12 h and 36 h), fewer sham female and β-estradiol-replaced OVX rats responded on the mCPP-lever after saline injection as well as after mCPP challenge than male or OVX rats. Castration did not alter any response of male rats to mCPP. Conclusions: (1) mCPP discrimination is a useful measure of EW in male and female rats; and (2) sham female and β-estradiol-replaced OVX rats are less sensitive to the discriminative stimulus prior to and during EW, but more sensitive to impaired behavioral initiation induced by mCPP than male or OVX rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 141 (1999), S. 251-257 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Quinine ; Taste discrimination ; Rhesus monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  There is a limited amount of information available about taste as a discriminative stimulus in non-human primates. The objective of this study was to establish a bitter taste (quinine sulfate) as a cue for lever selection and food reward in rhesus monkeys. Training took place in a series of steps that culminated in a schedule in which five lip contacts on a spout produced either quinine solution or water, followed by an opportunity to earn a food pellet by completing 20 presses on one of two levers. Responses on one of the levers resulted in food delivery if the solution contained quinine; responses on the other lever resulted in food delivery if the solution was water. A single session consisted of 100 randomly ordered taste trials with a 60-s interval between each trial. All of the animals acquired the discrimination, and the lowest quinine concentration that maintained consistent behavior was 0.3 mg/ml. To assess the specificity of the discrimination, compounds from other human taste categories were tested. A series of compounds that are detected as ”bitter” by humans (caffeine, 1.5×10–3 M; strychnine, 9×10–4 M; PTC, 6×10–5 M, denatonium benzoate, 2.24×10–4 M; and urea, 3.0×10–1 M) produced full generalization to the quinine sulfate discriminative stimulus, while ”sweet” (sucrose, 2.9×10–2 M) and ”salty” (sodium chloride, 1.4 M) stimuli did not. There was individual variation among animals in response to ”sour” compounds; acetic acid did not generalize to quinine, but HCl acid produced full generalization in one of three animals. These results suggest that a ”bitter” taste cue is controlling the quinine discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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