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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes of ventricular ependyma and choroid plexus in experimental hydrocephalus, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (1976)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 34 (1976), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental hydrocephalus ; Silicone ; Ventricular ependyma ; Choroid plexus ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hydrocephalus was induced in rats by the injection of silicone oil or kaolin suspension into the cisterna magna. One to 5 weeks later the walls of the lateral ventricles were studied with the scanning electron microscope after killing the animals by perfusion fixation. In contrast to controls, the hydrocephalic animals killed 1 or 2 weeks after injection showed degeneration of ependymal cilia and infestation of the ependymal and choroid plexus surface with reactive cells, which presumably may be identified as Kolmer phagocytic cells by their ultrastructural features as studied by the transmission electron microscope. A coating of debris on the surface of the choroid plexus in the hydrocephalic animals possibly bears upon the ciliary degeneration with consequent deficiency of the clearing effect of ciliary movement. In the longer surviving hydrocephalic animals regeneration of cilia seemed to have occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00684944
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils (1976)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 34 (1976), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Blood-brain barrier ; Mongolian gerbils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of the BBB in cerebral ischemia was studied in symptompositive Mongolian gerbils subjected to left common carotid artery occlusion using Evans Blue dye as indicator of BBB injury. The BBB damage was demonstrable grossly by the presence of areas of blue discoloration, and microscopically by the presence of a bright red fluorescent tracer, localized mostly in the neurons. The survey of various groups of animals revealed a direct relationship between the incidence and time of appearance of the BBB lesions and the duration of the ischemic occlusion. This relationship can be interpreted as another example of the previously described “maturation” phenomenon. A relatively late occurrence of the BBB injury in cerebral ischemia, at the time when the affected brain tissue shows severe, edematous histopathologic changes indicates that the brain edema, as the main complication of ischemia, could be regarded as being primarily of the cytotoxic type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00684938
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and origin of arachnoid cysts scanning and transmission electron microscopy of three cases (1978)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 44 (1978), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Arachnoid cysts ; Subdural neurothelium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three surgically removed primary arachnoidal cysts were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and two of the cases with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cells lining the cyst cavity had microvilli at the surface, true cilia were absent. In the cytoplasm multivesicular bodies, many pinocytotic vesicles, some large vacuoles and strands of tonofilaments were prominent features. The cells were interconnected by desmosome-like junctions and were interconnected by desmosome-like junctions and were separated from the surrounding tissue by a distinct but sometimes incomplete basal membrane. Based on these findings it is concluded that arachnoid cysts are derived from the outer arachnoid cells (subdural neurothelium), the formation of the cysts being attributable to secretory capacity of the subdural neurothelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691640
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanisms of blood-brain barrier impairment by hyperosmolar perfusion (1982)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 99-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Hyperosmolar perfusion ; Immunoglobulin G
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Protein tracer flux from brain microvessels has been studied at intervals of 10 s and 5, 15 and 60 min following hyperosmolar perfusion injury of the blood-brain barrier with 0.6 ml of a 4 M urea solution. In one group of Wistar rats 75 mg horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was given intravenously 10 min before killing as an exogenous protein tracer. In another group endogenous IgG was used as tracer; to enhance serum levels and to facilitate demonstration, the rats were immunized with HRP beforehand, resulting in high titer serum antibodies of IgG class. After perfusion fixation and tracer demonstration in Vibratome sections the localization of the tracer was studied in 1 μm Epon sections and unstained ultrathin sections. The incidence of tracer presence was estimated with quantitative and statistical methods. The results indicate that in this experimental model of blood-brain barrier damage protein tracer extravasation only occurs during the first minutes and thus may be a rapidly reversible phenomenon. The signs of endothelial activation include increased numbers of vesicles and channel-like structures. As the ratio of vesicles with and without tracer remains fairly constant, increased vesicle formation seems to occur randomly in activated endothelial cells and thus does not represent a tracer outflow mechanism by itself. Any qualitative sign of endothelial activation and protein tracer uptake may occur with or without tracer passage into the surrounding brain, actual tracer extravasation thus appearing to be an overflow mechanism in endothelial cells that can be estimated only with quantitative methods. Protein tracer extravasation may occur by random uptake in vesicular or channel-like structures or by cytoplasmic pooling in endothelial cells or cell segments; tracer extravasation through interendothelial junctional areas is not substantiated by our results. Removal of extravasated tracer may occur at least in part by local tracer backflow into the lumina of larger vessles. And finally, the differences in extravasation pathways between HRP and IgG appear to be significant, demonstrating that more than one pathway may be involved and that the predominance of a pathway may at least in part be tracer dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690580
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of electrical impedance of oedematous cerebral tissue during operations (1972)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 27 (1972), S. 113-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 11 patients, most of whom had cerebral tumours, electrical impedance was recorded during the introduction of an impedance electrode during operation. After removal of the lesion impedance was measured in the tissue adjacent to the walls of the wound cavity. The readings were correlated with water and electrolyte content and with histological findings in the specimens taken from the same places. Electrical impedance appeared to be lowered in regions invaded by tumour and also in the surrounding oedematous areas of white matter. Unless primarily affected, cerebral cortex usually did not show oedema. The increase of water in the oedematous area was accompanied by a proportional increase of tissue Na+ and a decrease of tissue K+. The method of impedance measurement does not allow the delineation of a tumour from the surrounding oedema.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01401876
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrasacral meningocoele (1977)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 39 (1977), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of an intrasacral meningocoele is described with typical radiological findings and obvious improvement after surgical treatment, but a somewhat unusual neurological picture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01405248
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The neurosurgeon and the blood-brain barrier. A survey (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 95 (1988), S. 25-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A survey is given on the history of the discovery of the blood-brain barrier, of its functions and of its clinical importance. Also attempts to circumvent or disrupt the barrier with the aim of introducing therapeutic or diagnostic agents into the brain tissue have been reported. Finally the possible negative effects of lasting barrier defects in transplanted foet al tissue are mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01793078
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Positron emission tomographical studies of 1-11C-acetoacetate, 2-18F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose, and L-1-11C-tyrosine uptake by cat brain with an experimental lesion (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 99 (1989), S. 166-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Positron emission tomography ; 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ; ketone bodies ; 11C-tyrosine ; brain oedema ; blood-brain barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In cat brain with a freezing injury, the uptake of 1-11C-acetoacetate (11C-ACAC), 2-18F-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose (18FDG), and L-1-11C-tyrosine (11C-TYR) was monitored by positron emission tomography following intravenous administration of the tracers, at 1 day and 1–3 weeks after the injury. The development and further course of the cold-induced oedema was monitored by magnetic resonance imaging. In the fresh (1 day old) lesion there was increased uptake of11C-ACAC, probably due to release of the restrictive influence of the blood-brain barrier upon passage of the substance into brain. The uptake of18FDG, which normally occurs by carrier-mediated transport at the barrier, was decreased in the fresh lesion, probably as a result of damage of the carrier mechanism. In the 3 week old lesion18FDG uptake was still reduced, and11C-ACAC uptake was still increased, although barrier function to Evans blue had recovered. It is suggested, that the increased11C-ACAC uptake in the chronic lesion bears upon the proliferation of macrophages and reactive glial cells in the lesion. This is supported by the increased uptake of11C-TYR in the 2 weeks old lesion, while in the fresh lesion11C-TYR uptake was unchanged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01402328
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of results of temporal bone resection (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 110 (1991), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: temporal bone ; squamous cell carcinoma ; radiation therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of 16 cases of temporal bone resection were evaluated. The resections, 12 of which were total and 4 partial, had mostly been performed for squamous cell carcinoma invading the temporal bone. Five patients in whom the intervention was considered radical and not followed by irradiation, were alive and well 9 years or more later. The significance of postoperative radiotherapy was demonstrated in 3 patients who were alive and in good health 9 years or more later, although histological examination of resection margins showed residual tumour. Eight patients died 10 months to 5 1/3 years after operation, 6 of whom from recurrence, one from radiation necrosis of the temporal lobe of the brain, and one from cerebrovascular occlusion. Histologically, squamous cell carcinoma was found significantly more among the patients who died from recurrence than among those still living.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01400676
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the principles underlying the diagnosis of brain tumours — A survey article (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 135 (1995), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Brain tumour ; brain oedema ; blood brain barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A survey is given of the principles underlying the diagnosis of brain tumours. Traditionally diagnosis and localization of brain tumours have been based upon morphological criteria. Currently unsurpassed levels in imaging of anatomical details and topographical relations by the techniques of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been achieved. The techniques of positron emission tomography (PET) and of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), which depict also metabolic and blood flow aspects, provide a refinement of our knowledge on the metabolism, structure and pathophysiological relations of a tumour to the surrounding parenchyma. Recent advances in the recording of function-related changes of the cerebral electro-magnetic field allow a better definition of critical functional areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02307407
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