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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 20 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The contingent negative variation (CNV) can be spontaneously followed in psychiatric patients by a postimperative negative variation (PINV), and also in normal subjects who have undergone sufficiently intense interference during the CNV paradigm. Our hypothesis was that sleep deprivation could facilitate the induction of a spontaneous PINV which would reflect a transient psychophysiological perturbation. The present experiment investigates the influence of total sleep deprivation on event-related potentials (PINV, CNV, auditory evoked potential), behavioral performance (reaction time), and autonomic response (heart rate).Nineteen subjects participated in the experiment. The subjects were studied before and after 2 consecutive nights of total sleep deprivation. The event-related potentials resulted from the summation of 16 trials. The warning stimulus (tone burst) was followed 1.5 sec later by an imperative stimulus (continuous tone) which was stopped by the subject. After the deprivation, 6 subjects underwent the CNV paradigm with interference.None of the subjects showed a PINV after sleep deprivation either spontaneously or with an interference which had induced it under non-deprived conditions. The CNV and auditory evoked potential (AEP) amplitudes were reduced after the deprivation whereas AEP latencies increased. The unobtainable PINV after sleep deprivation and the low CNV amplitude could suggest a common neurophysiological origin for these two slow potentials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 47 (1994), S. 359-362 
    ISSN: 0091-3057
    Keywords: Hypnotics ; Intermediate stage ; Paradoxical sleep ; Rat ; Sleep ; Theta rhythm ; Zolpidem
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 49 (1994), S. 921-927 
    ISSN: 0091-3057
    Keywords: Benzodiazepines ; Intermediate stage ; Paradoxical sleep ; Rat ; Sleep
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 10 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Paradoxical sleep in the rat, cat and mouse is preceded and sometimes followed by a short-lasting intermediate stage characterized by high-amplitude anterior cortex spindles and low-frequency hippocampal theta rhythm. Several neurophysiological arguments suggest that the intermediate stage corresponds to a brief functional disconnection of the forebrain from the brainstem. This paper is devoted to the review of quantitative and qualitative influences of three generations of hypnotics on the intermediate stage–paradoxical sleep couple. Barbiturates, first-generation hypnotics, extend the intermediate stage at the expense of paradoxical sleep. Three benzodiazepines are compared, two with a short half-life (triazolam and midazolam) and one with a long half-life (diazepam). They also decrease sleep occurrence latency and increase the intermediate stage at the expense of paradoxical sleep, except for midazolam, which increases both the intermediate stage and paradoxical sleep at low dose. Zolpidem and zopiclone, hypnotics of third generation, decrease paradoxical sleep but the intermediate stage never substitutes for paradoxical sleep. The results are discussed in relationship to the functional aspects of this turning-point period of sleep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 495 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 34 (1978), S. 1584-1585 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cortical S1 responsiveness was studied by unique and coupled stimuli of non-maximal intensity applied to somesthetic radiations. The reactivity is highest during sleep with slow waves, lowest during active waking, intermediate during non-active waking and rapid sleep. The recovery of responsiveness presents an exactly opposite form and begins at a long interstimulus delay (〉150 msec).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Zopiclone ; Hypnotic ; Intermediate stage ; Paradoxical sleep ; Theta rhythm ; Spindle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the influence of zopiclone, a third generation hypnotic, on the transition from slow wave sleep to paradoxical sleep (PS) which is increased at the expense of PS by barbiturates and benzodiazepines. The compound decreased sleep latency and increased the latency of the intermediate stage (IS) and PS at 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg IP. The amount of the IS was decreased because of the decrease in phase number up to 6 h at all doses. PS amount was decreased during 2 h at 2.5 mg/kg and during 4 h at 5 and 7.5 mg/kg also because of the decrease in phase number. The IS never substituted for PS. The IS spindle characteristics were not modified and the theta rhythm frequency slightly decreased at 5 mg/kg (IS) and 7.5 mg/kg (PS).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 116 (1994), S. 304-308 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intermediate stage of sleep ; Paradoxical sleep ; Spindle ; Theta rhythm ; Atropine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Paradoxical sleep (PS) in the rat, cat and mouse is preceded and sometimes followed by a short-lasting intermediate stage (IS) characterized by high amplitude cortical spindles and low frequency theta rhythm. This stage, which is mimicked by an intercollicular transection, is massively extended at the expense of PS by low doses of barbiturates. Since the pontine cholinergic cell activation of PS is suppressed by barbiturates, we studied whether atropine, an antimuscarinic compound, extends IS at the expense of PS. Atropine sulfate was given at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg IP. All doses increased dose dependently the occurrence latency of IS and PS. The amount of IS and PS was decreased for several hours, principally by a decrease of the number of phases. At 20 mg/kg the phase mean duration of IS and PS was also decreased. Consequently, IS and PS are similarly supported by muscarinic processes. The theta rhythm frequency was scored during IS and outside PS phasic motor activities (type 2 theta). At all doses it was significantly increased for hours. The theta rhythm frequency was also transiently increased during the hypersynchronization periods of PS (type 1 theta). At 20 mg/kg it was similarly the case for type 1 theta rhythm during waking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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