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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. One direct measurement and two indirect estimates suggest that 35–40 kg nitrogen per hectare are deposited on arable land from the atmosphere each year in the south and east of England. This could contribute markedly to nitrate leaching and soil acidification. It may also change the flora and fauna of ‘natural’ ecosystems, as such amounts are likely to exceed the critical load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Graphs of soil pH against time were plotted for the Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted Experimental Station, begun in 1856, and the Long-term Liming Experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn farms, begun in 1962. These showed that the magnitude and duration of the effect of lime applications varied with soil type, initial pH, fertilizer nitrogen application, and the crop grown. Simple equations for each situation were linked to form an empirical model which, with appropriate input data for soil type, crop, and initial and target pH, predicted the lime needed to reach that pH. Model predictions compared well with estimates from a Woodruff-type buffer method. The model forms a sound basis for a more comprehensive lime requirement model covering the whole of the United Kingdom.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Analyses of soil and hay samples collected from the Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted during the last 137 years indicate slow but significant increases in KCl- and EDTA-extractable aluminium in soil and a sudden and very large recent increase in the concentration of aluminium in the herbage. The latter is associated with a sudden increase in the rate of acidification of the soil over the last 10–15 years and the mobilization of aluminium as the soil enters the aluminium buffer range -a Chemical Time Bomb. Such severe acidification from atmospheric inputs on a well-buffered soil illustrates how quickly an apparently stable situation can change as a result of acid deposition. It highlights the need to protect soils and plants from the effects of acidification by decreasing acid inputs or by liming.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 18 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nitrate leaching was measured for four years at the Royal Agricultural College ‘s Coates Farm in the Cotswolds, England. Coates is a typical Cotswold mixed farm with thin, well-drained calcareous soils especially prone to leaching. Over the duration of this study there were dairy, sheep and arable enterprises on the farm. A ‘Farm Gate’ nitrogen (N) budget was constructed. Small 120 m × 20 m ‘farmlets’ were sited in ten fields across the farm, covering all parts of the rotation, as the sites for detailed measurements. Each farmlet received the same management as the rest of the field in which they were situated. Using ceramic probes inserted to 60 cm, soil water was sampled every two weeks throughout the winter drainage season. The annual drainage varied from 135 mm under grassland in 1996/7 to 600 mm under cereals in 1998/9. Average N losses by leaching were determined mostly by rainfall and were 65 kg N ha–1 yr–1, accounting for 25% of the N inputs. Especially leaky parts of the rotation were the ploughing out of a lucerne ley and the grazing of stubble turnips with sheep, both typical Cotswold farm practices. The research highlights some of the difficulties in developing practicable, profitable management practices to decrease nitrate losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The experiment conducted jointly by the Forestry Commission (FC) and the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) at Beddgelert Forest, North Wales, studies the effect of conventional clear-felling (CF) and whole-tree harvesting (WTH) of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) on the local ecosystem and on the future productivity of forestry at the site. Bulked soil samples were taken from Block 2 of the experiment just before felling in 1984 and two years later in 1986. Sub-samples from the horizons Ah, E and B+C were analysed for exchangeable and short- and long-term reserves of K using Ca-resin and strong acid extraction procedures. The flux of K through the soil profile after both CF and WTH resulted in a small increase in exchangeable K throughout the profile after both treatments, but in a loss of short-term reserves from the surface Ah horizons of both and an overall loss of these after WTH. The nutrient flux down-slope through the Ah horizon could result in differential nutrient deficiency in future. The data suggest that exchangeable and short-term reserves of K will support about two further cycles of conifers, with either CF or WTH, but that long-term reserves are likely to be released quickly enough to meet the needs of such a slow-growing crop; these would support about 30 cycles. Other nutrients, such as Ca or P, may prove to be more limiting than K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 19 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Less Intensive Farming and Environment (LIFE) management is a form of integrated farming which aims to meet farming's economic and environmental requirements. We used a farm-scale LIFE demonstration to measure nitrogen (N) leaching losses over a 6 year period (1995–2001) using ceramic suction cups and a meteorological model to give estimates of drainage volumes. Losses from the system averaged 49 kg N ha−1, with an average drainage nitrate concentration of 15.5 mg N L−1. Rainfall and its distribution strongly influenced the loss, and drainage N concentration only fell below the nominal target of 11.3 mg N L−1 (the EU limit for potable water) in the two wettest seasons. Crop type did not have a significant effect on either postharvest mineral N (PHMN) in soil or the leaching loss in the subsequent winter. However PHMN and overwinter N leaching declined with increasing crop yield. Overwinter crop N uptake increased with early sowing: leaching loss was only 5 kg N ha−1 under grass sown in early September. Measurements of PHMN, crop sowing date and drainage data were used to construct simple equations to predict average drainage N concentration under various scenarios. The large N loss from our site is partially attributable to soil type (shallow over limestone), indeed on similar soil the loss from a conventional farm nearby was greater. The LIFE practices of postharvest harrowing and late cereal sowing will minimize the need for agrochemical use but they stimulate mineralization and reduce plant N uptake in autumn, leaving more N at risk to leaching. Some assessment of all environmental impacts is needed if the benefits of integrated practices such as those used in LIFE are to be quantified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nitrate leaching was measured over the eight drainage seasons spanning the nine years from 1990–1998 on the 157-year old Broadbalk Experiment at Rothamsted, UK. The weather pattern of two dry, three wet and three dry years was the dominant factor controlling nitrogen (N) loss. Both the concentration of nitrate in the drainage waters and the amount of N leached increased with the amount of N applied, mostly because of long-term, differential increases in soil organic matter and mineralization. On average, losses of N by leaching were 30 kg ha−1yr−1 when no more than the optimum N application was applied and were typical of amounts leached from arable land in the UK. Losses increased significantly in both amounts and as the percentage of N applied for supra-optimal applications of N and from autumn-applied farmyard manure (FYM). Extra spring-applied fertilizer was very effective at increasing yields on plots given FYM in the autumn but at the expense of leaching losses three times those from optimum fertilizer N applications. Losses increased after potatoes because they left significant amounts of mineral N in the soil, and decreased after forage maize because it used applied N more effectively. Losses measured 120 years ago from identical treatments were 74% greater than current losses because of today's larger yields and more efficient varieties and management practices. Average concentrations of nitrate in drainage waters did not exceed the EU limit of 11.3 mg NO3-N l−1 until supra-optimal amounts of N fertilizer (〉150–200 kg ha−1yr−1) were applied in spring or FYM was applied in autumn. However some drainage waters from all plots, even those that have not received fertilizer for 〉150 years, exceeded the limit when rain followed a dry summer and autumn. Nitrate leaching into waters will remain a problem for profitable arable farming in the drier parts of Eastern England and Europe despite increased N use efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A number of changes in agricultural land-management show some potential as carbon mitigation options. However, research has focused on CO2-carbon mitigation and has largely ignored potential effects of land management change on trace gas fluxes. In this paper, we attempt for the first time, to assess the impact of these changes on fluxes of the important agricultural greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous oxide, in the UK.The estimates presented here are based on limited evidence and have a great (unquantifiable) uncertainty associated with them, but they show that the relative importance of trace gas fluxes varies enormously among the scenarlos. In some, such as the application of sewage sludge, woodland regeneration and bioenergy production scenarios, the inclusion of estimates for trace gas fluxes makes only a small (〈10%) difference to the CO2-C mitigation potential. In the animal manure and agricultural extensification scenarios, including estimates of trace gas fluxes has a large impact, increasing the CO2-C mitigation potential by up to 50%. In the no-till scenario, the carbon mitigation potential decreases significantly due to a sharp increase in N2O emissions under no-till.When these land-management options are combined for the whole agricultural land area of the UK, including trace gases has an impact on estimated mitigation potentials, and depending upon assumptions for the animal manure scenario, the total mitigation potential either decreases by about 10% or increases by about 30%, potentially shifting the mitigation potential of the scenario closer to the EU's 8% Kyoto target for reduction of CO2-carbon emissions (12.52 Tg C yr−1 for the UK).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 1 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Methane (CH4) is a trace gas 30 times more radiatively active than carbon dioxide and, apart from a recent decrease, its atmospheric concentration has been increasing at a rate of ∼ 1%per annum since 1945. The increase results from an imbalance between CH4 production and consumption. Here we assess the impact that changes in land use and increasing atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios have had on CH4 uptake rates by soil in the UK since before the Iron age. This has been achieved by making retrospective analyses of CH4 uptake in UK soils under four different conditions of land use and CH4 mixing ratio. The calculations indicate that 54% of the current CH4 uptake by UK soils is the result of increased CH4 mixing ratio but that land-use change has caused a reduction of ∼ 37 kt CH4 y−1 in the potential sink strength of UK soils for CH4. The results are discussed with respect to the compilation of greenhouse gas inventories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of soil science 47 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Cation exchange resin saturated with H+ and Ca2+ was used to extract 137Cs from peat soil at two sites in Britain affected by l37Cs deposition following the Chernobyl accident. The technique identified three classes of 137Cs, similar to those observed for K+ in soils: ‘Fast’, ‘Intermediate’ and ‘Slow’. These classes are probably related to the selectivity for 137Cs of the cation exchange sites on the organic matter and the clay minerals, and to the structure of the soil. With one exception, most 137Cs was in the ‘Slow’ form and was only very slowly released to the resins, if at all. However, there was enough l37Cs in the ‘Fast’ and ‘Intermediate’ forms to contaminate pasture and thus grazing animals for some years. Based on the resin technique, it is estimated that contamination will persist for several decades in uplands contaminated at these activity concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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