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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide mediates a therapeutic effect of nicotine in ulcerative colitis (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 14 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ulcerative colitis is a condition of nonsmokers in which nicotine is of therapeutic benefit.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Aims:To examine the in vitro effect of nicotine on colonic smooth muscle activity and the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a mediator.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods:Nicotine, 1–10 μM, was administered to strips of circular muscle from the distal sigmoid colon of 9 patients with active ulcerative colitis and 18 with colorectal cancer. The effect of electrical field stimulation (EFS) was examined before nicotine was added. Finally L-NAME, a NO synthetase inhibitor, was added before nicotine was administered again.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:Muscle strips developed similar spontaneous resting tone. In response to EFS, ulcerative colitis tissue developed lower tensions than the controls. Nicotine significantly reduced the resting tone and peak tension after EFS, with a greater effect in controls. With L-NAME, peak tensions were increased more in ulcerative colitis than controls, and nicotine produced a much smaller reduction.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions:Nicotine reduces circular muscle activity, predominantly through the release of nitric oxide—this appears to be ‘up-regulated’ in active ulcerative colitis. These findings may explain some of the therapeutic benefit from nicotine (and smoking) in ulcerative colitis and may account for the colonic motor dysfunction in active disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00847.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enteric-release glyceryl trinitrate in active Crohn’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 15 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mucosal ischaemia may contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. Microvascular abnormalities have been found in colonic resection specimens, and mucosal levels of constitutive nitric oxide synthase are reduced.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Aim:To assess the efficacy of a novel, enteric-release formulation of the nitric oxide donor, glyceryl trinitrate, aimed at increasing the mucosal circulation and relaxing smooth muscle in the affected bowel.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods:The trial was randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled. Baseline disease activity was assessed by a structured symptom diary, with blood tests and a quality of life assessment. Patients with a Crohn’s disease activity index of ≥ 150 and 〈 450 were randomized to receive 12 weeks of either glyceryl trinitrate (initially 6 mg twice daily, increasing to 9 mg twice daily after 6 weeks) or an identical placebo. Assessments were repeated at 6 and 12 weeks.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:Seventy patients (22 male) entered the study; 34 were given glyceryl trinitrate and 36 placebo. At 12 weeks, there were no differences between the treatment groups in terms of Crohn’s disease activity index, pain, stool frequency, inflammatory markers or quality of life scores.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions:Enteric-release glyceryl trinitrate did not benefit patients with mild to moderately active Crohn’s disease. Whilst ischaemia may contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease, our results fail to provide supportive evidence for this hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01120.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine enemas for active ulcerative colitis—a pilot study (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Since transdermal nicotine is of value in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis but is often associated with side-effects, an alternative in the form of topical therapy with nicotine enemas has been developed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsIn an open study, 22 patients with active colitis, all non-smokers, were asked to take a 100 mL enema containing 6 mg of nicotine every night for 4 weeks. Pre-trial treatment using mesalazine (n=16), oral prednisolone (8), cyclosporin (1) and azathioprine (1) was kept constant for the month prior to assessment and during the study period. Symptoms, with stool frequency, were recorded on a diary card and an endoscopy was performed with rectal biopsy at the beginning of the study and after 4 weeks.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsSeventeen of the 22 patients completed 1 month of treatment. Mean duration of relapse was 29 weeks, range 3–94. Sixteen of 17 improved their St Mark's score. Urgency and stool frequency improved in 12 patients, sigmoidoscopic and histological scores in 10. Three patients had a full remission of symptoms with normal sigmoidoscopy. Six of 10 with a partial response continued with the enemas for a second month and five showed further improvement with full remission in two. The enema appeared effective when added to conventional treatment and produced few side-effects.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionTopical nicotine therapy for ulcerative colitis may have a place in future management, but controlled studies are needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.00220.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The bulk stress in a suspension of spheres to orderc 2 (1974)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 890-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01527090
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of goats as biological agents for the renovation of pastures in the Appalachian region of the United States (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 44 (1998), S. 241-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: browse ; cattle ; defoliation ; pasture reclamation〉/kwd〉 ; Rosa multiflora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Much of hill-land pasture in the Appalachian region of the United States is dominated by herbaceous weeds and brush. Low cost, low input and environmentally acceptable reclamation procedures are needed to maintain the productivity of these pastures. This experiment evaluated the effectiveness of using goats (Capra hircus hircus) alone (30 mature, brush does/ha) or cattle (Bos taurus) with goats (17 mature, brush does/ha + two to three steers/ha -- 225 kg average live weight) to reclaim a pasture from an abandoned, overgrown 5.9 ha orchard left untouched for 15 years. Over four grazing seasons, managed defoliation resulted in a substantial increase in herbaceous vegetative cover in plots grazed by goats alone (65 to 86%) and by goats with cattle (65 to 80%) while vegetative cover decreased from 70 to 22% in the control plot. Similarly, the cover by grass species increased in the grazed plots (goats: 16 to 63%; goats + cattle: 13 to 54%) while averaging 10% in the control plot. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thumb.) bushes were practically eliminated after four grazing seasons as quantified by an average reduction in height from 2.1 m to 0.6 m, and by the number of dead canes (stems) in both the goat (100%) or goat + cattle (92%) treatments. Results indicated that the foraging habits of goats resulted in the elimination of multiflora rose bushes and in a significant increase in desirable forage species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006250728166
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