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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Klinischen Pharmakologie des Nitroglycerins (1923)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 2 (1923), S. 1833-1835 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01716647
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dilatory effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on human hand veins in vivo (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 54 (1998), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Amrinone ; Enoximone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To compare the venodilator potencies of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitors amrinone and enoximone with the unspecific PDE inhibitors theophylline and pentoxifylline in human hand veins in vivo. Methods: Eighteen healthy nonsmokers (16 men and two women) were studied using the dorsal hand vein technique. After preconstriction with the selective α1-adrenergic-receptor agonist phenylephrine dose–response curves were constructed for amrinone (1–270 μg · min−1), enoximone (1–270 μg · min−1), theophylline (5–1500 μg · min−1) and pentoxifylline (2–877 μg · min−1) in a random order on separate occasions. Due to limitation in the maximum dose infused in order to avoid systemic effects, full dose–response curves could not be constructed for pentoxifylline. In this case, the individual dose of pentoxifylline and theophylline producing 50% venodilation were compared. Results: All PDE inhibitors induced dose-dependent venodilation. The value of maximum venodilation was the same for amrinone, enoximone and theophylline. The infusion rate needed to induce 50% of maximum venodilation (ED50) was not significantly different for amrinone (geometric mean, 8.8 μg · min−1) and enoximone (14.2 μg · min−1), whereas the ED50 of theophylline (84.0 μg · min−1) was significantly higher than either amrinone or enoximone. The dose necessary to dilate the vein to 50% the maximum dilation (as determined during sodium chloride infusion) was significantly higher for pentoxifylline than for theophylline (409 vs 71 μg · min−1). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that enoximone and amrinone have similar venodilatory potency which is six times higher than that of theophylline. The least potent vasodilator in this study was pentoxifylline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050417
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical trial design to study the effects of pharmacological intervention on different models of skin pain and inflammation – methodology and first results (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Experimental dermatology 13 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin photodamage due to excessive ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is followed by a series of biochemical and immunologic events that cause inflammation including the release of prostaglandins, lipoxygenase products, cytokines (e.g. tumour necrosis factor-α), adhesion molecule, reactive oxygen radicals and mast cell-derived mediators, such as histamine and tryptase. In various inflammatory pain conditions, including UVB sunburn, nociceptors are sensitized to mechanical and thermal stimuli at the site of inflammation. This phenomenon, which leads to hyperalgesia, can be used to investigate pharmacological effects of different drugs and drug formulations in the model of UVB-induced skin inflammation. Two additional models are useful for evaluating the direct, prostaglandin-independent, modulatory effects on neuronal excitability of nociceptors (chemosensitivity): the chemically induced pain (capsaicin test) and itch (histamine test). IDEA-070 is a novel carrier-based topical dosage form of an analgesic drug that acts by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) and lipoxygenase, thereby reducing prostaglandin- and leukotriene-mediated inflammatory reactions. We used all three described models in the framework of a phase I clinical study to assess efficacy of IDEA-070. The results of an interim analysis of the UVB model from the first 12 healthy volunteers indicate that IDEA-070 as well as hydrocortisone-21-acetate (HC) reduces the UVB-induced heat hyperalgesia if applied immediately after UV exposure. In contrast, only IDEA-070 is effective when used 6 h after exposure to UVB. In addition, IDEA-070, but not HC, suppressed erythema development if used immediately after UVB exposure as well as 6 h after UVB irradiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.0212aq.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic multifocal osteomyelitis, a new recessive mutation on Chromosome 18 of the mouse
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Genomics 11 (1991), S. 794-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0888-7543
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(91)90002-V
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relaxation mechanism of ferroelectric switching in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 2332-2336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The polarization reversal process of tetragonal Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films has been intensively studied using conventional hysteresis and rectangle pulse measurements. Decreasing the voltage level of the pulses significantly slows down the polarization switching to the range of milliseconds. The switching current response shows a Curie–von Schweidler behavior over a broad time range. The transient current and the frequency dependence of the P–V loops of these films compared to the properties of ferroelectric single crystals show some similarities but also significant differences. The theoretical models of the classical ferroelectric phase transition and especially the conditions of the pulse measurements in single crystals and thin films are discussed. It leads to the conclusion that it is not the domain wall structure and domain wall motion that determine the polarization reversal but dissipative polarization processes which can take place in both ferroelectric and nonferroelectric high-k dielectric thin films. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1331341
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of the production of acetylated distarch adipates using the novel software ‘MULTIPLEX’ (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of food science & technology 36 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2621
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acetylated, cross-linked and pregelatinized cassava starches were produced in a single-screw extruder with different moisture contents (180, 220 and 260 g kg–1), reagent (adipic acetic mixed anhydride) concentrations (4, 11 and 18 g kg–1) and screw speeds (100, 130 and 160 r.p.m.). The acetylation, cross-linking and pregelatinization increased cold viscosity (CV), water absorption index (WAI) and gel hardness, it also reduced gel cohesiveness, paste clarity and retrogradation of the modified-starches compared with control samples (CSs). A novel microcomputer program called MULTIPLEX was developed for the optimization of the process. The optimization process maximized CV, WAI, gel hardness and paste clarity, and minimized gel cohesiveness and retrogradation of the modified-starches. The optimum conditions were moisture of 240 g kg–1, reagent concentration of 4 g kg–1 and screw speed of 100 r.p.m. Experimentally determined values for all responses found in products processed under the optimum conditions were very close to the predicted values and this confirmed the validity of predicted models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2001.00503.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible and irreversible processes in donor-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 3830-3832 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this letter, the reversible and irreversible polarization contributions in donor-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 are investigated using conventional capacitance–voltage (C–V) and hysteresis measurements. The dependence of the Rayleigh coefficient in the subcoercive regime on the doping concentration is investigated and shown to be consistent with the assumption of an interaction of the domain walls with randomly distributed defects. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1331353
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interface-related decrease of the permittivity in PbZrxTi1−xO3 thin films (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 1427-1429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In ferroelectric thin films, a decrease of the permittivity is observed obeying a logarithmic time dependence. In the literature, a similar effect has been reported for ferroelectric single crystals and ceramics, which is referred to as ferroelectric aging, and different models have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. In this letter, ferroelectric aging of PbZrxTi1−xO3 thin films is studied as a function of dopant types and concentrations as well as the temperature. The results clearly show that the traditional models for the aging mechanism of ferroelectric single crystals and ceramics are not applicable. Based on these results, a mechanism is proposed which explains the decrease of the dielectric constant in ferroelectric thin films by the growth of a thin surface layer with suppressed ferroelectric properties in the course of aging. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1452783
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between switching and fatigue in PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3 thin films (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 1894-1896 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fast pulse switching experiments with variable width and amplitude of the write pulse were performed on PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3 thin films and the results were correlated to fatigue measurements with varying frequency and amplitude of the fatigue signal. It was found that small amplitudes in combination with a small pulse width of the write pulse does not provide sufficient switching of the ferroelectric film. Furthermore, for the fatigue measurements, it is shown that the degree of switching caused by the fatigue excitation signal strongly influences the fatigue results. In the case of complete switching, the fatigue behavior is found to be independent of the fatigue frequency and only the number of switching cycles is decisive for the polarization decrease. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1290154
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capacitance and admittance spectroscopy analysis of hydrogen-degraded Pt/(Ba, Sr)TiO3/Pt thin-film capacitors (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 2045-2047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: One of the problems occurring in conjunction with the integration of Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 (BST) thin film capacitors into the Si technology is the large increase of leakage current after a forming gas heat treatment. In order to reveal the underlying mechanism, we studied the electric properties of Pt/BST/Pt (metal–insulator–metal) (MIM) structures after annealing in atmospheres containing hydrogen (H2) or carbon monoxide by means of admittance spectroscopy. Frequency-dependent capacitance measurements on these MIM structures revealed a thermally activated relaxation step at low frequencies with an activation energy of 0.62 eV. Admittance spectroscopy, in which the conductance is monitored as a function of temperature and frequency, verifies the Schottky barrier heights at the Pt/BST interface revealed by dc measurements. We found that the Schottky barrier height decreased by 0.4 eV after annealing in a reducing atmosphere, independent of the presence of protons. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1311946
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