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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 224-226 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Tetanus toxin ; botulinum toxin ; noradrenaline ; GABA ; brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat brain homogenate was preloaded with [3H]noradrenaline or [3H]GABA and stimulated with high K+. Tetanus toxin and botulinum A neurotoxin partially prevent the evoked [3H]noradrenaline release in the same range of toxin concentrations starting below 10−10M. In contrast, release of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) is much more sensitive to tetanus than to botulinum A toxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Electrophoresis in agar containing antibodies can be combined with subsequent autoradiography (radioretention electrophoresis) which allows quantitative and specific determination of a few nanograms of antigen, e.g. human albumin. Techniques and application range of the method as well as some results of blood level determinations are reported.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wie am Beispiel des Humanalbumins gezeigt wird, lassen sich durch Kombination von Elektrophorese in antikörperhaltigem Agar mit Autoradiographie (Radio-Retentionselektrophorese) wenige Nanogramm Antigen quantitativ und spezifisch nachweisen. Technik und Anwendungsbereich der Methodik sowie einige Resultate der Blutspiegelbestimmung werden mitgeteilt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 52 (1974), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Tetanus toxin ; Antitoxin ; 125Iodine ; Spinal cord ; Nerves ; Tetanustoxin ; Antitoxin ; 125Jod ; Rückenmark ; Nerven
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unsere Kenntnis der Pathogenese des Wundstarrkrampfes hat sich durch Anwendung neuer biochemischer und neurophysiologischer Techniken innerhalb der letzten Jahre erheblich erweitert. Radioaktiv markiertes Tetanustoxin wurde innerhalb verschiedener Nerven bis zu den Vorderhörnern des Rückenmarks verfolgt; dort wurde das Toxin z.T. noch auf cellulärer Ebene nachgewiesen. Die Verteilung des Toxins ist zeitabhängig und wird durch Antitoxin beeinflußt. Je weiter der Zeitpunkt der Vergiftung zurückliegt, desto geringer ist der Effekt des Antitoxins auf die Symptomatologie und die spinale Anreicherung des Toxins. Die neurale Wanderung des Toxins wird durch Erregung des toxinhaltigen Nerven gefördert. Neben den motorischen Anteilen sind auch rein sensibel-sensorische und vegetative Nerven zur Weiterleitung des Toxins imstande. Der generalisierte Tetanus kann als eine Sonderform des lokalen Tetanus betrachtet werden. Während bisher das klassische α-motorische System des Rückenmarks im Vordergrund der Untersuchungen stand, weisen neuere Arbeiten auf eine gleichzeitige, vielleicht sogar vorwiegende Enthemmung des γ-motorischen Systems hin. Außerdem werden vegetative Spinalreflexe enthemmt, was auch bei der Therapie bedacht werden sollte. Die Hemmwirkung des Tetanustoxins auf periphere Synapsen weist auf große Ähnlichkeiten mit Botulinumtoxin hin, obwohl die Symptome am vergifteten Tier so verschieden sind. Künftige Untersuchungen werden sich voraussichtlich mit der Wirkungsweise des Toxins auf molekularer und cellulärer Ebene befassen.
    Notes: Summary Due to the use of advanced biochemical and neurophysiological techniques, our knowledge of the pathogenesis of tetanus has considerably improved during the past years. Radio-labelled tetanus toxin has been traced within different nerves up to the anterior horn of the spinal cord where its localization down to the cellular level has been achieved. The distribution of labelled toxin depends on time and is influenced by antitoxin. The longer the duration of poisoning, the smaller the effect of antitoxin on the spinal enrichment of toxin and on the onset of toxic symptoms. The neural ascent of toxin into a spinal cord segment is enhanced by stimulation of the segmental nerves. Not only the motor nerves, but also sensory and vegetative nerves are able to serve as guide-rails for the toxin. The generalized tetanus has been understood as a special kind of local tetanus. For a long time, disinhibition of the alpha motor system was considered to be the characteristic action of tetanus toxin, but recent evidence is in favour of an additional disinhibition of the gamma motor system (perhaps even preceding the alpha disinhibition) and also of the sympathetic spinal reflexes. This finding should have therapeutic implications. The detection of inhibitory effects of tetanus toxin on peripheral cholinergic synapses points again to the close similarity between tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin. The trends of future research will presumably lead to the elementary processes at the molecular and cellular level which are the basis of the clinical picture of tetanus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 45 (1967), S. 163-164 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Lysolecithin, injected into the pancreatic duct of rats, results in severe pancreatic necroses. The same effect is seen with a mixture of phospholipase A and small amounts of bile acids. In this case the thin-layer chromatography shows a high amount of lysolecithin in the necrotic pancreas of the rat. Nearly 50% of the extracted phospholipid-phosphorus is found as lysolecithin, whereas lecithin and cephalin are markedly reduced. An identical distribution of phospholipids was found in the necrotic part of the pancreas from a patient, who died of acute pancreatitis. In the normal part of the same pancreas the distribution of phospholipids was nearly normal. In a mixture of human bile and pancreatic juice lecithin is converted quantitatively to lysolecithin. The intrapancreatic activation of phospholipase A as a decisive factor in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis is discussed. FräuleinM. Bokermann und FräuleinE. Fiedler danken wir für zuverlässige technische Assistenz und den Farbenfabriken Bayer AG, Leverkusen, für Überlassung der Versuchstiere.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Pankreasgang der Ratte injiziertes Lysolecithin führt zu schwersten Pankreasnekrosen. Einen gleichen Effekt zeigt Phospholipase A in einer Gallensäurelösung niedriger Konzentration. Dünnschichtchromatographisch läßt sich dabei im nekrotischen Rattenpankreas eine starke Lysolecithinfraktion nachweisen, die fast 50% des extrahierten Phospholipid-Phosphors enthält. Lecithin und Cephalin sind dagegen stark vermindert. Eine fast gleiche Phospholipidverteilung wies der nekrotische Anteil des Pankreas eines an akuter Pankreatitis verstorbenen Patienten auf. Im nichtnekrotischen Pankreasanteil war die Phospholipidverteilung demgegenüber fast normal. In einem menschlichen Galle-Pankreassaft-Gemisch wird Lecithin quantitativ in Lysolecithin überführt. Die Möglichkeit wird diskutiert, daß die intrapankreatische Aktivierung von Phospholipase A ein entscheidender pathogenetischer Faktor der akuten Pankreatitis ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 67 (1989), S. 742-742 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 160 (1974), S. 47-51 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A technique using antibody-coated tubes allows the radioimmunological determination of tetanus antibodies in a simple and rapid way. The procedure is based on the competition for125I-tetanus toxin between the insolubilized antibodies and the antibodies present in the unknown sample. When antibodies and125I labeled tetanus toxin are incubated in the antibody-coated polyethylene vessel the detection limit is about 0.016 IU/ml. When tetanus toxin is preincubated together with its antibody in uncoated vessels before the mixture is transferred to antibody-coated vessels, the sensitivity can be raised about tenfold. The method is especially useful for screening multiple samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 167 (1979), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary cell cultures from the central nervous system of the embryonic rat were inoculated with pseudorabies virus. Their morphological changes were studied by phase contrast microscopy and by scanning as well as by transmission electron microscopy. Uninfected cultures display two distinct cell layers in scanning electron microscopy: a flat continuous monolayer supports a heterogeneous population of individual, presumably neural cells, which emit processes of different number and size. The latter cells form contacts by a dense network of fibres. Infectious virus is propagated in these nerve cell cultures with similar effectivity as in other cultures. The infection leads to fusion and death of the cells. By the time the cytopathic effect is visible, nearly all cells, including those of neuronal and those of nonneuronal appearance, are studded with ample amounts of virus-sized particles. The particles represent viruses as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy or by treatment with a hyperimmune serum directed against pseudorabies virus structural components. Hyperimmune serum leads to clustering of the particles at the cell surface. The amount of virus particles per surface unit was about 10 times higher on neural cells as compared to primary rabbit kidney cells. The concentration of infectious particles in the supernatant, however was approximately the same. The system described appears to be useful for the study of acute virus effects on neural tissue under strictly controlled conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 174 (1985), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enzymatic fragments of tetanus toxin were characterized by immunoblotting using a set of previously characterized antibodies (Ahnert-Hilger et al. (1983) and a set of novel antibodies. The selected antibodis recognized the light chain, fragment C (Β 1), and the complementary piece (Β 2) of the heavy chain when blotted on nitrocellulose. All toxin preparations contained intrinsic esteroprotease activity which became manifest in the presence of urea. The main split product was a fragment (MW 100 000) reacting with anti-fragment C and anti-Β 2 antibodies. Toxicity does not depend on this protease activity. Some crude preparations of tetanus toxin contain another split product (MW 47 000) which resembles fragment C. The main product of papain hydrolysis is fragmentC, which appears as a double band under nonreducing conditions but is homogeneous when reduced. Chymotryptic digestion hydrolyses the heavy chain well but leaves the light chain largely intact. Tetanus toxin is very resistant against trypsin as compared with other proteases, although this enzyme splits numerous different links. Our data show the usefulness of immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies in analytical work with tetanus toxin, and the relevance of intrinsic proteases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 172 (1983), S. 123-135 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Monoclonal antibodies against tetanus toxin and its toxoid were produced by immunizing mice with toxoid or toxin. They were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), by a toxin neutralization test in mice (in vivo prevention test), and by their ability to prevent binding of125I-toxin to brain membranes or gangliosides (in vitro prevention test). Six monoclonal antibodies obtained by immunization with toxoid (anti-toxoid 1–6) were investigated in more detail. They belonged to IgG class 1. Three of them (anti-toxoid 1, 2 and 3) recognized both toxoid and toxin as well as fragment B and the light chain of toxin, but not fragment C. Two other antibodies (anti-toxoid 4 and 5) were directed against toxoid only. Neither of them prevented toxin action in vitro or in vivo. Anti-toxoid 6 recognized toxin, toxoid and fragment C, but not light chain, and prevented toxin action in vitro and in vivo. Immunization against toxin was initiated with a toxin-antitoxin complex and boosted with toxin. We studied six antibodies in more detail, all of IgG type 2. Their KD against125I-tetanus toxin varied from 10−9 to 10−10 M. Anti-toxin 2 recognized toxin, toxoid, light chain and fragment B, but not fragment C. The others reacted with toxin, toxoid and fragment C, but not with light chain or fragment B. All of them prevented toxin action in vitro and in vivo. As calculated from the maximal extinction achieved in the ELISA, tetanus toxin combined with a maximum of two different antibody molecules from our set. Gel filtration data indicate that tetanus toxin reacts with monoclonal antibodies one by one. Compared with polyclonal antiserum, monoclonal antibodies yield flatter slopes in both in vitro and in vivo prevention tests. Thus, they cannot substitute for the polyclonal antibodies in clinical situations, and cannot be calibrated in international units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 104 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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