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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Categories of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal dependency of host species (1991)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 1 (1991), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Brassica nigra ; Established P ; Glomus aggregatum ; Leucaena species ; Sesbania species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica nigra and selected species of Leucaena and Sesbania were used as indicator hosts in a greenhouse experiment designed to establish distinct categories of mycorrhizal dependence. The plants were grown in an oxisol with different concentrations of established soil solution P in the presence or absence of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus aggregatum. The extent to which the plant species depended on the fungus for dry matter production diminished with increased concentrations of soil solution P, but the magnitude of this decrease varied from species to species. Five distinct mycorrhizal categories are proposed based on the differences observed, ranging from non-dependent to very highly dependent. The critical soil solution P concentrations that were useful for separating host species into distinct VAM-dependency groups were 0.02 and 0.2 mg/l. Species differing in their mycorrhizal dependency differed with respect to the soil solution P concentration required for the expression of maximum VAM effectiveness, the degree to which increasing concentrations of P depressed VAM infection and the pattern of immobile nutrient accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00205896
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initial and residual toxicity of soil-applied thiram on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (1992)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 2 (1992), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Glomus aggregatum ; Phytotoxicity ; Pesticide ; Residual toxicity ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the non-systemic fungicide thiram on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis and on Leucaena leucocephala was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. In the uninoculated soil treated with P at a level optimal for mycorrhizal activity, mycorrhizal colonization of roots was low, and did not change as the concentration of thiram in the soil increased with the from 0 to 1000 mg/kg. When this soil was inoculated VAM fungus Glomus aggregatum, with VAM colonization was enhanced significantly, but decreased increase in thiram concentration until it coincided with the level observed in the uninoculated soil. Similarly, symbiotic effectiveness was reduced, its expression delayed or completely eliminated with increase in the concentration of thiram. Amending soil to a P level sufficient for non-mycorrhizal host growth fully compensated for thiram-induced loss of VAM activity if the thiram levels did not exceed 125 mg/kg. In soil treated with 50 mg thiram/kg, the toxicity of the fungicide dissipated within 66 days of application. At higher concentrations, the toxicity of the chemical on the mycorrhizal symbiosis appeared to be enhanced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206280
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependency of cassava (Manihot esculanta Crantz) on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 4 (1994), S. 241-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Glomus aggregatum ; Cuttings ; Dependency categories ; Manihot esculanta ; Soil solution P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cassava plants were started in the greenhouse either from small cuttings (2.0 mg P/cutting) or large cuttings (20.2 mg P/cutting) in a subsurface Oxisol not inoculated or inoculated with Glomus aggregatum at target soil solution P concentrations of 0.003–0.2 mg l-1. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal colonization levels in excess of 60% were attained on cassava roots irrespective of the size of cutting material used or target soil solution P status. However, plants started from large cuttings grew faster and better than those started from smaller ones. Cassava was found to be very highly dependent on VAM fungi if grown from small cutting but only marginally dependent if grown from large cuttings. The lower dependence of cassava on VAM fungi when started from larger cuttings appears to be related to the high P reserve in these cuttings and hence the low requirement of the plants for soil P until the P reserve in the cuttings is significantly depleted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206771
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements for raising mycorrhizal seedlings of Leucaena leucocephala in containers (1995)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1995), S. 347-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomusaggregatum ; Pinnule P ; Posttransplanting ; Pretransplanting ; Shoot N ; Shoot P ; Shoot N:P ratio ; VAMF colonization ; VAMF effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A greenhouse study was undertaken to determine the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization requirements for raising mycorrhizal seedlings in soil in containers. Seedlings of Leucaena leucocephala were grown for 40 days in dibble tubes containing fumigated or nonfumigated soil uninoculated or inoculated with Glomus aggregatum. The soil was fertilized with NH4NO3 solution to obtain 25–200 mg N kg–1 soil, and with a KH2PO4 solution to establish target soil solution P concentrations of 0.015–0.08 mg P l–1. At the end of 40 days, seedlings were transplanted into pots containing 5-kg portions of fumigated soil. Posttransplant vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) effectiveness, measured as pinnule P content, plant height, shoot dry weight and tissue N and P concentrations, was significantly increased by pretransplant VAMF colonization in both soils. The best posttransplant mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal growth responses were observed if the nonfumigated pretransplant soil was amended with 50 mg N kg–1 soil and 0.04 mg P l–1 or if the fumigated pretransplant soil was amended with 100 mg N kg–1 soil and 0.04 mg P l–1. There was no relationship between N:P ratios of nutrients added to the pretransplant soil medium and shoot N:P ratios observed after transplanting. Shoot N:P ratio was also not correlated with root colonization level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050082
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal host growth in response to changes in pH and P concentration in a manganiferous oxisol (1995)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1995), S. 337-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus aggregatum ; Hydrogen ion ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Manganese toxicity ; Soil acidity ; Target P concentration ; Vesicular-arbuscular ; VAMF colonization ; VAMF effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Glomus aggregatum and Leucaena leucocephala were allowed to interact in a manganese-rich oxisol at pH 4.3–6.0 and at soil P concentrations considered optimal for mycorrhizal host growth and sufficient for nonmycorrhizal host growth. At 0.02 mg P l–1, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) colonization of roots increased as soil pH increased from 4.3 to 5.0. However, VAMF colonization of roots did not respond to further increases in pH. At pH 6.0, growth of mycorrhizal Leucaena observed at 0.02 mg P was comparable with that observed at 0.8 mg P l–1. Increasing P concentration from 0.02 to 0.8 mg P l–1 increased target soil pH from 4.3 to 4.7 and reduced the concentration of available soil Mn from 15.1 to 1.9 mg l–1. Thus, the normal plant growth observed at the higher P concentration at pH〈5 was mainly due to the alleviation of Mn toxicity as a result of its precipitation by excess P. VAMF colonization levels observed at pH 5.0–6.0 were similar, but maximal plant growth occurred at pH 6.0, suggesting that the optimal pH for mycorrhizal formation was substantially lower than for VAMF effectiveness. The poor growth of Leucaena at the lower P concentration in the unlimed soil was largely due to high concentrations of Mn2+ and H+ ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050081
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependency of cassava (Manihot esculanta Crantz) on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 4 (1994), S. 241-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words:Glomus aggregatum– Cuttings – Dependency categories –Manihot esculanta– Soil solution P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Cassava plants were started in the greenhouse either from small cuttings (2.0 mg P/cutting) or large cuttings (20.2 mg P/cutting) in a subsurface Oxisol not inoculated or inoculated with Glomus aggregatum at target soil solution P concentrations of 0.003–0.2 mg l−1. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal colonization levels in excess of 60% were attained on cassava roots irrespective of the size of cutting material used or target soil solution P status. However, plants started from large cuttings grew faster and better than those started from smaller ones. Cassava was found to be very highly dependent on VAM fungi if grown from small cutting but only marginally dependent if grown from large cuttings. The lower dependence of cassava on VAM fungi when started from larger cuttings appears to be related to the high P reserve in these cuttings and hence the low requirement of the plants for soil P until the P reserve in the cuttings is significantly depleted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050027
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limitation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal activity in Leucaena leucocephala by Ca insufficiency in an acid Mn-rich oxisol (1995)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1995), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Glomus aggregatum ; Gypsum ; Hydrogen ion ; Lime ; Manganese toxicity ; Soil acidity ; Target P concentration ; Vesicular-arbuscular ; VAMF ; colonization ; VAMF effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glomus aggregatum and Leucaena leucocephala were interacted in an acid Mn-rich oxisol unamended or amended with lime [Ca(OH)2] or gypsum (CaSO4) at soil P concentrations considered optimal for mycorrhizal host growth and sufficient for mycorrhiza-free growth. At 0.02 mg P 1-1, both vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) colonization and function were significantly curtailed if soil was not amended with gypsum or lime. The highest mycorrhizal effect was observed in the limed soil, followed by the soil treated with gypsum at the rate of 32 g Ca kg-1 soil. Higher concentrations of gypsum deleteriously affected VAMF infectivity and effectivity. The first increment of gypsum compensated completely for the VAMF colonization and for part of the mycorrhizal effect that was lost due to low pH. The superiority of the limed soil to that amended with gypsum apparently lies in the fact that Ca supply was assured in the former and also that the adverse effects of toxic constituents such as H+ and Mn2+ were eliminated. We were unable to separate the effect of Ca on VAMF from its effect on the host because a P concentration sufficient for mycorrhiza-free growth was not attained due to interaction of some of the P with Ca to form insoluble phosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213437
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal host growth in response to changes in pH and P concentration in a manganiferous oxisol (1995)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1995), S. 337-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Glomus aggregatum ; Hydrogen ion ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Manganese toxicity ; Soil acidity ; Target P concentration ; Vesicular-arbuscular ; VAMF colonization ; VAMF effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glomus aggregatum and Leucaena leucocephala were allowed to interact in a manganese-rich oxisol at pH 4.3–6.0 and at soil P concentrations considered optimal for mycorrhizal host growth and sufficient for nonmycorrhizal host growth. At 0.02 mg P l-1, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) colonization of roots increased as soil pH increased from 4.3 to 5.0. However, VAMF colonization of roots did not respond to further increases in pH. At pH 6.0, growth of mycorrhizal Leucaena observed at 0.02 mg P was comparable with that observed at 0.8 mg P l-1. Increasing P concentration from 0.02 to 0.8 mg P 1-1 increased target soil pH from 4.3 to 4.7 and reduced the concentration of available soil Mn from 15.1 to 1.9 mg 1-1. Thus, the normal plant growth observed at the higher P concentration at pH〈5 was mainly due to the alleviation of Mn toxicity as a result of its precipitation by excess P. VAMF colonization levels observed at pH 5.0–6.0 were similar, but maximal plant growth occurred at pH 6.0, suggesting that the optimal pH for mycorrhizal formation was substantially lower than for VAMF effectiveness. The poor growth of Leucaena at the lower P concentration in the unlimed soil was largely due to high concentrations of Mn2+ and H+ ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207406
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycorrhizal inoculation effect on nodulation and N accumulation in Cajanus cajan at soil P concentrations sufficient or inadequate for mycorrhiza-free growth (1995)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1995), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Benlate ; Glomus aggregatum ; Nodulation ; Oxisol ; Soil solution P ; VAMF colonization ; VAMF inoculation effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The interaction of Cajanus cajan with Rhizobium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) was investigated in a greenhouse experiment. C. cajan was planted in soil that had been inoculated with Glomus aggregatum or treated with benlate to suppress VAMF activity. Initial soil solution P concentrations of 0.06, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg l–1 were established to test the interaction at external P levels that ranged from inadequate to nonlimiting for the host plant. At 0.06 and 0.2 mg P l–1, mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant P concentrations as well as nodule numbers and shoot dry weight. Mycorrhizal inoculation also significantly increased nodule dry weight at a soil P concentration of 0.4 mg l–1 but did not significantly influence any of the other variables. The mycorrhizal inoculation effect observed at this soil solution P concentration could not be explained by any of the measures of plant P status. At 0.8 mg P l–1, none of the measured variables were affected significantly by mycorrhizal inoculation. The results indicate that the enhanced nodulation associated with mycorrhizal inoculation at soil P concentrations lower than 0.4 mg l–1 was explainable by mycorrhizal-mediated P uptake. The small but significant increase in nodule mass due to VAMF inoculation at 0.4 mg P l–1 suggests that factors not related to plant P nutrition may be involved. On the other hand, the lack of a VAMF inoculation effect at 0.8 mg P l–1 despite VAMF colonization at a level comparable to that observed at the former P concentration appear to discount this hypothesis. This observation is also supported by the lack of response of plant N status and nodule number to VAMF inoculation at this soil P concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213438
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements for raising mycorrhizal seedlings of Leucaena leucocephala in containers (1995)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1995), S. 347-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Glomus aggregatum ; Pinnule P ; Posttransplanting ; Pretransplanting ; Shoot N ; Shoot P ; Shoot N∶P ratio ; VAMF colonization ; VAMF effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was undertaken to determine the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization requirements for raising mycorrhizal seedlings in soil in containers. Seedlings of Leucaena leucocephala were grown for 40 days in dibble tubes containing fumigated or nonfumigated soil uninoculated or inoculated with Glomus aggregatum. The soil was fertilized with NH4NO3 solution to obtain 25–200 mg N kg-1 soil, and with a KH2PO4 solution to establish target soil solution P concentrations of 0.015–0.08 mg P l-1. At the end of 40 days, seedlings were transplanted into pots containing 5-kg portions of fumigated soil. Posttransplant vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) effectiveness, measured as pinnule P content, plant height, shoot dry weight and tissue N and P concentrations, was significantly increased by pretransplant VAMF colonization in both soils. The best posttransplant mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal growth responses were observed if the nonfumigated pretransplant soil was amended with 50 mg N kg-1 soil and 0.04 mg P l-1 or if the fumigated pretransplant soil was amended with 100 mg N kg-1 soil and 0.04 mg P 1-1. There was no relationship between N∶P ratios of nutrients added to the pretransplant soil medium and shoot N∶P ratios observed after transplanting. Shoot N∶P ratio was also not correlated with root colonization level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207407
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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