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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 112 (1990), S. 733-738 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lignin biodegradation ; Soil bacterium ; Nocardia sp. ; Phenol degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Gram-positive bacterium which was isolated from a Finnish soil and identified as a Nocardia sp., was able to decompose lignin and to assimilate lignin degradation products as a carbon source. It could release 14CO2 from 14C-labelled methoxyl groups, side chains or ring carbons of coniferyl alcohol dehydropolymers (DHP) and from specifically 14C-labelled lignin of plant material. Furthermore, it could release 14CO2 from phenolcarboxylic and cinnamic acids and alcohols labelled in the OCH3, COOH groups, side chain or aromatic ring carbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 73 (1970), S. 201-215 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Zugabe von Montmorillonit zu Kulturlösungen verschiedener Mikroorganismen ergab bei Schüttel- oder Standkulturen meist eine Steigerung der Biomasse und einen erhöhten Nährstoffverbaruch. Diese Steigerung wurde besonders unter aeroben Verhältnissen und in den ersten Wachstumsphasen beobachtet. Die Bildung von Äthanol durch S. cerevisiae bzw. Citronensäure durch A. niger war beschleunigt, aber nicht wesentlich erhöht. Manometrische Messungen mit S. cerevisiae ergaben in Abhängigkeit von der Montmorillonit-Konzentration einen höheren RQ. Die Relation der Biomasse zu verbrauchter Glucose deutet auf eine bessere Ausnutzung der Energiequelle für synthetische Prozesse hin.
    Notes: Summary The addition of montmorillonite to stationary and shake-cultures of various microorganisms usually increased total biomass formation and accelerated the utilization of nutrients. These effects were noted especially under aerobic conditions and during the initial growth phases. The formation of ethanol by S. cerevisiae and citric acid by A. niger was accelerated, but not significantly increased. manometric measurements with S. cerevisiae showed a higher RQ which increased with increasing montmorillonite concentrations. The relation between biomass formation and glucose consumption indicates a more efficient utilization of the energy source for synthetic processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Pseudomonas ; Nocardia ; Arthrobacter ; Soil Bacteria ; Chlorinated Benzenes ; Phenols and Cyclohexane Derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus Bodenproben verschiedener Herkunft (Acker-, Rasen- und Waldböden) ließen sich Nocardien und Pseudomonaden mit der Fähigkeit zum Abbau von Benzol und Phenol in geringer Zahl isolieren und anreichern. Die nur Phenol und Phenolcarbonsäuren verwertenden Organismen waren zahlreicher und umfaßten hauptsächlichArthrobacter-Arten. Es wurde untersucht, inwieweit diese Organismen auch chlorierte Aromaten und Cyclohexane abzubauen vermögen. Für die Abbauuntersuchungen wurden die Bakterien vorher auf Benzol- bzw. aufp-Hydroxybenzoesäure kultiviert und dann die zu untersuchenden Verbindungen zugesetzt. Diese Verbindungen waren durch14C-markiert, und ihre Abbauraten wurden aufgrund der14CO2-Freisetzung gemessen. Auf Benzol angezogene Pseudomonaden und Nocardien konnten neben Benzol und Phenol auch die einfach chlorierten Verbindungen rasch zu CO2 abbauen, die zwei- und dreifach chlorierten Verbindungen langsamer. Die chlorierten Benzole wurden besonders in höheren Konzentrationen in geringerem Maße abgebaut als die chlorierten Phenole, aber bei niedrigeren Konzentrationen stieg die Abbaurate und war etwa derjenigen der Phenole gleich. Dies ließ sich auf eine höhere Toxicität der Benzole zurückführen. Die phenolverwertendenArthrobacter-Arten konnten lediglich Phenol und die chlorierten Phenole abbauen. Benzoesäure und m-Chlorbenzoesäure wurden nur von den Pseudomonaden und Nocardien rasch zu CO2 abgebaut. Die Benzol verwertenden Pseudomonaden konnten CO2 auch aus γ-Hexachlorcyclohexan, etwas mehr aus γ-Pentachlorcyclohexen, aber nicht aus Cyclohexan freisetzen. Nach Vorkultur der Benzol verwertenden Pseudomonaden auf Glucose konnten sie die Aromaten ebenfalls abbauen, aber besonders die chlorierten Derivate im geringen Maß. Zum Vergleich mit den Bodenorganismen wurden Versuche mit Bodenproben durchgeführt. Sie zeigten, daß alle Verbindungen, die durch die isolierten Organismen abgebaut werden konnten, nach unterschiedlichen Induktionszeiten auch im Boden abgebaut wurden. Lediglich Cyclohexan, das durch die Benzol oder Phenol verwertenden Reinkulturen nicht verwertet werden konnte, wurde durch die Mischflora des Bodens goringfügig zu CO2 abgebaut.
    Notes: Abstract From soil samples of different origin (field, grassland and forest soils) small numbers ofNocardin andPseudomonas spec., able to utilize benzene and phenol could be isolated. Organisms which could only utilize phenol and phenolcarboxylic acids were more numerous and consisted mainly ofArthrobacter spec. It was tested to what extent these organisms could also utilize chlorinated aromatic and cyclohexane derivatives. For the degradation studies the bacteria were precultivated on benzene or p-hydroxybenzoic acid and then the compounds used were added. These compounds were labeled by14C and their degradation rates determined by measuring the14CO2 release.Pseudomonas andNocardia spec. precultivated on benzene could also degrade the chlorinated derivatives of benzene and phenol. The monochlorinated derivates were degraded more easily than the di- and trichlorinated derivates. The chlorinated benzenes, especially in higher concentrations, were less degraded than the chlorinated phenols, but with lower concentrations their degradation rates were about similar. This was due to a higher toxicity of the benzenes. The phenol utilizingArthrobacter spec. were only able to degrade phenol and the chlorinated phenols. Benzoic and m-chlorobenzoic acid were degraded to CO2 by thePseudomonas andNocardia spec. only. The benzene utilizing pseudomonads released more CO2 from γ-pentachlorocyclohexane than from γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, but none from cyclehexane. Upon precultivation of benzene utilizing pseudomonads in glucose, the aromatic compounds were also degraded, but especially the chlorinated derivatives to a lower extent. In comparison with these soil organisms in pure culture, experiments with soil samples showed a degradation of all compounds which were used by the isolated organisms after variable induction periods. Cyclohexane was degraded slowly to CO2 by the mixed soil flora in contrast to the benzene or phenol utilizing pure cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phenol Degradation ; Lignin Degradation ; White Rot Fungi ; Soft Rot Fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several soft and white rot fungi were compared in their ability to degrade specifically 14C-labelled phenols and dehydropolymers of labelled coniferyl alcohol. Furthermore, plant material, which was expected to be specifically labelled in the lignin part was used in the degradation studies. The experiments showed that both groups of fungi were able to release CO2 from methoxyl and carboxyl groups of phenol-carboxylic acids, to degrade side chains of cinnamic acids and cinnamyl alcohols and even to decompose aromatic structures. With the dehydropolymers and the plant material a CO2 release from the methoxyl groups, the side chains and the aromatic carbons was observed. The time dependant course of the CO2 release from these different groups showed in the beginning a higher CO2 evolution from the side chain carbons than from the methoxyl groups, which were later on released to a higher extent. No laccase activity could be detected in the soft rot fungi and the peroxidase activity was lower than in the white rot fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Insecticides ; Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers ; Anaerobic degradation ; Dechlorination ; Facultative anaerobic bacteria ; γ-Tetrachlorocyclohexene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Screening studies with strict and facultative anaerobic bacteria showed that Clostridium app. and several other representatives of Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae actively degraded γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) under anaerobic conditions. Representatives of Lactobacillaceae and Propronibacterium were inactive. With 36Cl-labelled γ-HCH a nearly complete dechlorination was shown to occur in 4–6 days by Clostridium butyricum, C. pasteurianum and Citrobacter freundii, while other facultative anaerobic species were less active. Aerobically grown facultative anaerobes also dechlorinated actively γ-HCH during subsequent anaerobic incubation with glucose, pyruvate or formate as substrates. The α-, β- and δ-HCH isomers were also, but more slowly, dechlorinated (γ〉α〉β≥δ-HCH). All species active in anaerobic degradation of γ-HCH formed γ-tetrachlorocyclohexene (TCH) as the main intermediate metabolite and no γ-pentachlorocyclohexene (PCH) or other isomers of TCH or PCH have been found. Small amounts of tri- and tetrachlorinated benzenes have been found too. The mechanism of dechlorination is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 113-121 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Insecticides ; Chlorinated Cycloalkanes ; Anaerobic Degradation ; Soil Bacteria ; Dechlorination ; Volatile Metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch eine anaerobe Mischflora aus Ackerboden wurde γ-Hexachlorcyclohexan (γ-HCH) in 4–5 Tagen zu 90% abgebaut. Dabei erfolgte eine schnelle Abspaltung des Chlors in Form von Chloridionen und danach eine Freisetzung des C- und H-Anteiles in Form flüchtiger Verbindungen, in denen kein Chlor und auch kein CO2 nachzuweisen war. Die Verwendung von 14C/3H- und 36Cl/3H-doppelmarkiertem γ-HCH zeigte, daß die Cl- und H-Abspaltung nicht im Verhältnis von 1:1 erfolgte, sondern mehr Cl als H abgespalten wurde. Die flüchtigen Verbindungen enthielten andererseits höhere 14C- als 3H-Anteile. Gaschromatographische Untersuchungen zeigten ebenfalls eine rasche Verminderung des γ-HCH und die Bildung verschiedener Metabolite. Es wurde jedoch kein γ-Pentachlorcyclohexen nachgewiesen. Bei steigenden O2-Gehalten in der Gasphase verminderte sich der γ-HCH-Abbau. Jedoch fanden auch noch bei 5% O2 Chlorabspaltung und die Freisetzung flüchtiger Metabolite statt. α-HCH wurde ebenfalls, jedoch langsamer, durch die anaerobe Mischflora abgebaut. Auch hier wurde Chlorid abgespalten, und es traten ebenfalls flüchtige Verbindungen auf, die kein Chlor enthielten.
    Notes: Abstract Up to 90% of the γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) applied to an anaerobic mixed bacterial flora enriched from an arable soil were degraded within 4–5 days. Degradation resulted in a rapid release of chloride and in formation of chlorine-free volatile metabolites. CO2 formation from the molecule was not detected. Investigations with 14C/3H- and 36Cl/3H double-labelled γ-HCH indicated that the release of Cl and H did not occur in the ratio of 1:1. More Cl than H was split off. The volatile compounds contained more 14C than 3H. Gas chromatographic studies also showed the rapid decrease of γ-HCH and the formation of several metabolites. γ-Pentachlorocyclohexene was not detected. Increasing O2-contents in the gas phase of cultures resulted in decreases of the compound's degradation. Release of chloride and of volatile metabolites were observed with O2 contents in the gas phase up to 5%. α-HCH was also, but more slowly as with γ-HCH, degraded by the anaerobic mixed flora. Chloride was released and volatile, chlorine-free metabolites were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 64 (1969), S. 338-348 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine Methode berichtet, an extrem dünnen Holzfolien die Abbauleistungen von Bodenpilzen zu messen. Aus einer Gesamtzahl von 280 geprüften Pilzarten wurden bei 27 mikroskopischen Pilzen mit hoher Aktivität Gewichtsabnahme und Reißfestigkeit von Ahornholz bestimmt. An Weizenstroh wurde mit einer Auswahl leistungsfähiger Pilze die Verminderung des Lignin- und Cellulosegehalts untersucht. Nach 120 Bebrütungstagen lag die Abnahme für Lignin zwischen 31 und 52%, für Cellulose zwischen 33 und 66%. Von den untersuchten Pilzen zeichneten sich Mammaria echinobotryoides, Hormiactis candida und Chaetomium piluliferum durch eine besonders starke Phenolproduktion aus. Die für alle geprüften Pilze mehr oder weniger typische Phenolproduktion stand in enger Beziehung zur Bildung von Huminstoffen, die bei der Rotte des Strohes auftraten.
    Notes: Summary The use of ultra-thin foils prepared from maple wood for measuring the wood-destroying capacity of soil fungi is described. Data are given on the reduction of dry-weight and tensile strength by the action of 27 highly active species from a total number of 280 microfungi. The decrease in lignin and cellulose content of wheat straw was studied with a selected number of fungi. The percentage reduction after an incubation period of 120 days was found to be between 31 and 52% for lignin, 33 and 66% for cellulose content respectively. A remarkable production of phenols was found in liquid cultures of Mammaria echinobotryoides, Hormiactis candida and Chaetomium piluliferum. The phenol production was more or less typical for all the examined fungi. There was a close relationship between the phenol metabolism and dark humic acid-like substances occurring during the decomposition of straw.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lignin biodegradation ; Bacteria ; Nocardia spp. ; Pseudomonas spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several Nocardia and Pseudomonas spp., as well as some unidentified bacteria, isolated from lake water containing high loads of waste lignin, were tested for their capacity to release 14CO2 from specifically 14C-labelled dehydropolymer of coniferyl alcohol (DHP) or corn stalk lignins. The bacteria were selected according to their ability to degrade phenolic compounds. However, only some of them could release significant amounts of 14CO2 from the labelled lignin. The tested Nocardia spp. were more active than the Pseudomonas spp. and the unidentified bacteria. The most active strains belonged to N. autotrophica. These strains released CO2 significantly from the methoxyl group and transformed the other carbons from the phenylpropane skeleton of lignin also into CO2. Other less demethylating strains also released little CO2 from the other carbons of the lignin molecule. From corn stalk materials which were specifically labelled in the lignin part only small amounts of labelled CO2 were released.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 202-206 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mycorrhizal fungi ; Lignin degradation ; Litter decomposition ; Lignocellulose degradation ; 14C-DHP degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five different species of known ecto-mycorrhizal fungi: Cenococcum geophilum, Amanita muscaria, Tricholoma aurantium, Rhizopogon luteolus and Rhizopogon roseolus were studied for their ability to metabolize the major components of plant cell walls. All strains were able to decompose 14C-labelled plant lignin, 14C-lignocellulose and 14C-DHP-lignin at a rate which was lower than the one observed for the known white rot fungi Heterobasidion annosum and Sporotrichum pulverulentum. Also 14C-(U)-holocellulose was relatively less degradable for the mycorrhizal fungi than for the white rotters. On the other hand, aromatic monomers like 14C-vanillic acid were decomposed to a much higher extent by two species of mycorrhizal fungi compared to the activity observed for Heterobasidion annosum. The results of the experiments reveal that these stains of mycorrhizal fungi are well able to utilize the major components of plant material and thus can contribute to litter decomposition in the forest floor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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