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  • 1
    ISSN: 0920-9964
    Keywords: (Schizophrenia) ; Early course ; Instrument ; Onset
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Schizophrenia Research 8 (1993), S. 223-231 
    ISSN: 0920-9964
    Keywords: (Schizophrenia) ; Epidemiology ; Gender ; Incidence
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 27 (1992), S. 117-121 
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary As part of a systematic research project on the influence of gender factors on age at onset, symptomatology, and course of schizophrenia, data on gender differences in age at onset and symptomatology of schizophrenia from the WHO Collaborative Study “On Assessment and Reduction of Psychiatric Disability” were compared between seven research centres of three different cultural regions. Results on age at onset of five European centres confirmed the well known fact of an earlier onset in men. The earlier onset in women seen in Khartoum and Ankara could be attributed to patient selection because male/female differences in age at onset and male/female ratios in the various samples covary. In the Islamic centres no relevant gender differences in real age at onset and in symptomatology could be detected as probable causes of earlier hospitalisation of women. Major gender differences in symptomatology were found in the Balkan centres of Sofia and Zagreb with a high prevalence of delusional symptoms in women and depression in men. In Western Europe centres, nuclear schizophrenic symptoms were equally prevalent in either sex, while nonspecific symptoms like irritability and tiredness (more frequent in women) and maladaptive illness behaviours like alcohol abuse and social withdrawal (more frequent in men) differed between the sexes. Explanatory hypotheses and the implications of these results are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 29 (1994), S. 53-60 
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract As a part of the ABC Schizophrenia Study, a large-scale investigation of the influences of age and gender on the onset and course of schizophrenia, this study compared retrospective reports about emerging symptomatology during the early course of schizophrenia given by patients and their significant others in a representative lirst admission sample. The Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia (IRAOS), a comprehensive interview assessing early signs and symptoms, revealed that, in most cases, patients as well as informants perceived negative, depressive, and unspecific symptoms as early signs of the disorder. Pairwise agreement about the presence of certain symptoms was good for a limited number of signs, e. g., substance abuse, suieidal behavior, parental and marital role deficits, and paranoid delusions. These items mainly concern abnormal behaviors that can be observed easily. In contrast, there was little agreement between reports about perceptual and formal thought disorder, i.e., subjective internal phenomena. The results supported a continuity model for the observability of symptoms in schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 33 (1998), S. 380-386 
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ABC Schizophrenia Study, a large-scale epidemiological and neurobiological research project commenced in 1987, initially pursued two aims: (1) to elucidate the possible causes of the sex difference in age at first admission for schizophrenia and (2) to analyse the early course of the disorder from onset until first contact and its implications for further course and outcome. First, transnational case-register data (for Denmark and Germany) were compared, second, a population-based sample of first-episode cases of schizophrenia (n = 232) were selected and third, the results obtained were compared with data from the WHO Determinants of Outcome Study by using a systematic methodology. A consistent result was a 3–4 years higher age of onset for women by any definition of onset, which was not explainable by social variables, such as differences in the male-female societal roles. A sensitivity-reducing effect of oestrogen on central D2 receptors was identified as the underlying neurobiological mechanism in animal experiments. Applicability to humans with schizophrenia was established in a controlled clinical study. A comparison of familial and sporadic cases showed that in cases with a high genetic load, the sex difference in age of onset disappeared due to a clearly reduced age of onset in women, whereas in sporadic cases it increased. To analyse early course retrospectively, a semistructured interview, IRAOS, was developed. The early stages of the disorder were reconstructed in comparison with age- and sex-matched controls from the same population of origin. The initial signs consisted mainly of negative and affective symptoms, which accumulated exponentially until the first episode, as did the later emerging positive symptoms. Social disability appeared 2–4 years before first admission on average. In early-onset cases, social course and outcome, studied prospectively over 5 years, was determined by the level of social development at onset through social stagnation. In late-onset cases, decline from initially high social statuses occurred. Socially negative illness behaviour contributed to the poor social outcome of young men. Symptomatology and other proxy variables of the disorder showed stable courses and no sex differences. Further aspects tested were the sequence of onset and the influence of substance abuse on the course of schizophrenia, primary and secondary negative symptoms, structural models and symptom clusters from onset until 5 years after first admission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 242 (1992), S. 6-12 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Gender differences ; Epidemology ; Transnational research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gender-specific analyses of the multinational WHO-Determinants of Outcome-Study (including 1,292 cases from 10 countries) demonstrate the transnational stability of major findings on gender differences in schizophrenia: Male patients have an earlier mean age at onset in all countries. In female patients, the distribution of the age at onset shows a second peak after age 40 years. No gender differences on nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia can be detected, but on uncharacteristic symptoms, particularly some aspects of the illness behaviour, differences appear. This investigation supports the transcultural validity of gender differences found in the German ABC-Schizophrenia-Study and in the Danish-German Psychiatric Case Register studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Sozialarbeit ; Psychiatrische Versorgung ; Indikation ; Qualitätssicherung ; Key words Social work ; Inpatient psychiatric care ; Utilization ; Quality assurance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The participation of social work in inpatient psychiatric care is generally considered necessary, but there is a lack of empirical studies in this field. The analyses presented of a systematic documentation of social work interventions in 2038 cases during an 11-year period demonstrate that social workers are mostly involved in the treatment of chronic and previously treated patients. Interventions in younger patients, most of whom are suffering from psychoses, aim at rehabilitation through activity; in elderly patients with organic or depressive disorders, the major concern is to improve posthospital care; patients with neurotic or personality disorders comprise another group with a chronic course and a relatively poor outcome. As far as their goals are comparable, social workers and doctors agree on their objectives. Social workers usually see their own interventions as successful, but patient groups who benefit greatly can be differentiated from groups with poor outcome.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Notwendigkeit sozialarbeiterischer Maßnahmen in der stationären psychiatrischen Versorgung ist allgemein anerkannt, doch gibt es hierzu bislang nur wenige empirische Untersuchungen. Die Auswertung einer systematischen Dokumentation dieser Interventionen über elf Jahre bei 2038 Fällen zeigt, daß eine Indikation für sozialarbeiterische Mitbetreuung vor allem bei chronischen Krankheitsverläufen und bei bereits vorbehandelten Patienten gestellt wird. Am häufigsten und mit gutem Ergebnis werden vom Sozialdienst jüngere Patienten mit schizophrenen Psychosen betreut, bei denen es vor allem um Rehabilitation durch aktivierende Interventionen geht. Patienten mit Neurosen oder Persönlichkeitsstörungen und schlechter sozialer Anpassung werden durch verschiedenste Maßnahmen mit eher mäßigem Erfolg betreut. Bei älteren Patienten (vorwiegend mit organischen oder depressiven Erkrankungen) geht es um bessere nachstationäre Versorgungsbedingungen. Eine gute Übereinstimmung besteht – soweit vergleichbar – zwischen Sozialarbeitern und Ärzten in ihren Zielsetzungen. Nach eigener Einschätzung durch die Sozialarbeiter führen ihre Bemühungen in der Regel zu guten Erfolgen, wobei sich allerdings Patientengruppen, die viel, von solchen, die wenig von diesen Interventionen profitieren, differenzieren lassen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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