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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interferometric determination of optical anisotropy in fibers III multilayer fibers (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 4480-4484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mathematical formulas are modified for the shape of two-beam interference fringes crossing a cylindrical multilayer fiber to determine the refractive indices and birefringence at the boundary of layers across the fiber diameter. An equation is also derived to calculate the parts of cross-sectional areas of the fiber layers. A polarizing interference microscope is used to determine the variation of refractive indices and birefringence at any point across the diameter of polyester and nylon fibers. Two fibers are used for each measurement. The first fiber is of known mean refractive index and dispersion properties. The other fiber is of unknown values of refractive indices of fiber layers. The calculations are carried out with both line and area methods using the derived mathematical formulas. Illustrations are given by microinterferograms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349081
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interferometric determination of optical anisotropy in fibers 1- homogeneous fibers (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 929-932 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This article describes a method for the measurement of refractive indices and birefringence of fibers. It is used to overcome difficulties in measuring refractive indices of immersion liquids as well as the corrections for dispersion and temperatures. Two fibers are used for each measurement. One is of known refractive index and dispersion properties and the other is of unknown refractive index. A modified mathematical formula is used with a two-beam interference microscope. This technique is applied to two groups of fibers having different ranges of refractive indices. The first group contains seven different products of nylons and the second group contains five different products of polyesters. The calculated refractive indices using this method is compared with those obtained using the established method. Illustrations are given using microinterferograms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347334
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interferometric determination of optical anisotropy in fibers. II. Fibers with a skin-core structure (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 7231-7235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The polarizing interference microscope with a modified method is used to determine the refractive indices and birefringence of both layers of fibers having a skin-core structure. This method is applied to nylon 6 and polyester fibers. Two fibers are used for each measurement. The first fiber is of known mean refractive index and dispersion properties. The other fiber is of unknown values of refractive indices of each layer of the fiber. This method can be used for fibers with regular or irregular cross sections. In the latter case the area enclosed under the interference fringe shift represents the optical path difference integrated across the fiber. The obtained results of refractive indices and birefringence are compared with those obtained from the normal method and found to be in good agreement. Illustrations are given by microinterferograms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347618
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of refractive indices of homogeneous fibers with regular or irregular transverse sections (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 2639-2642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Seven fibers of different cross-sectional shape are studied interferometrically using multiple-beam Fizeau fringes. These fibers are of circular, rectangular, triangular, trilobal, elliptical, kidney, and dog-bone cross-sectional shapes. The areas enclosed under the interference fringe shift is considered to represent the optical path difference integrated across the fiber. This principal is applied to nylon 6 fibers of trilobal cross-sectional shape. The described method is suitable for the measurement of refractive indices of any fiber with regular or irregular transverse sections. Microinterferograms are given for illustration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.346488
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optothermal properties of fibres (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 30 (1995), S. 2597-2604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Studies of the mechanical and optical properties of undrawn polypropylene fibres by annealing and drawing were performed. The optical properties and strain produced in polypropylene fibres at different conditions were measured interferometrically at room temperature. It was found that as the draw ratio of the fibre increased, its birefringence, Δna, increased at a constant rate, and then nearly levelled off. The refractive index, n ∥, and polarizability, p ∥, increased with different draw ratios; but for fibres annealed at 70 and 100°C, there were no acceptable variations. For fibres annealed at 130°C, n ∥ and p ∥ increased compared to those fibres annealed at 70 and 100°C. An empirical formula has been suggested to explain the relationship between the cross-sectional area of polypropylene fibres with the draw ratio, and the constants of this formula have been determined. The effect of annealing on the refractive index profile of undrawn polypropylene fibres, before and after thermal treatment, was studied. The strain optical coefficient and the Poisson's ratio were calculated over different draw ratios. The results obtained clarify the effect of annealing time and temperature with different draw ratios on the optical behaviour of polypropylene fibres. Microinterferograms are given for illustration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00362140
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1-Opto-thermal properties of fibers annealing effect on the birefringence variations of polyester fibers (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 555-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyester ; annealing ; birefringence ; mechanical loss factor ; orientation ; density ; crystalline ; profile ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyester (Egyptian) fibers were annealed at constant temperature (190°C) with different annealing times. Density, crystallinity, mean square density fluctuation, mechanical loss factor, and molecular orientation were calculated. Densities and mechanical loss factor were determined using an acoustic method. Changes in the molecular orientation were evaluated from the resulting optical data using the polarizing Pluta interference microscope. Correlation of data obtained by one method with another leads to relational changes in optothermal properties and in the molecular orientation. Changes of refractive index profiles of annealed PET fibers are provided. Illustrations using graphs and microinterferograms are shown. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 555-565, 1998
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of annealing on the optical and mechanical properties of cold drawn polypropylene fibres (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 39 (1996), S. 129-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: polypropylene fibres ; annealing ; cold drawing ; refractive index ; birefringence ; orientation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Refractive indices and birefringence changes with strain produced by different stresses in annealed and unannealed polypropylene fibres (4 : 1 draw ratio, 515 tex polypropylene from Bolton, UK) were measured interferometrically. Calculations were carried out using multiple-beam Fizeau fringes in transmission to determine the Cauchy's constants, dispersive coefficient and the dielectric constant at infinity. The orientation factor and orientation angle of the fibre material were calculated for different strain values. Poisson's ratio and the strain optical coefficient were also determined. An empirical formula is suggested to correlate the orientation factor, orientation angle, area of cross-section and birefringence with the draw ratio, and the constants of this formula were determined. The effect of the draw ratio on the refractive index profile was studied. Microinterferograms and curves are given as illustrations.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optothermal properties of fibers. II. Annealing effect on the birefringence variations of polyester fibers (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60 (1996), S. 1239-1246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The variation of refractive indices and birefringences of Egyptian-manufactured polyester fibers with different annealing times at constant temperature 160°C are studied by inter-ferometry. The polarizing interference microscope is used for determining the mean re-fractive indices and mean birefringence of these fibers. The results are used to calculate optical orientation function and the angle of orientation. Also, the acoustic method has been used for measuring the density and the mechanical loss factor of these fibers. Relations between the mean refractive indices, birefringence, polarizabilities, mechanical loss factors, and densities with annealing time are given for these fibers. Illustrations are given using graphs and microinterferograms. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optothermal properties of fibers. VI. Effect of annealing on some of the optical and dynamic mechanical parameters of polyester fibers (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59 (1996), S. 1585-1596 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Changes in the structure of annealed polyester fibers (Egyptian manufacture) at a constant time of 5 h and different temperatures (80-190°C) were studied interferometrically. The Pulta polarizing interference microscope was used for determining the mean refractive indices and mean birefringence of these fibers. The multiple-beam Fizeau fringes in transmission was also used for determining the refractive indices of the skin and core of these fibers. Also, the acoustic method was used for measuring the density and mechanical loss factor of these fibers. Relations between the mean refractive indices, birefringences polarizabilities per unit volume, and mechanical parameters of annealed polyester fibers with different temperatures are discussed to clarify the thermal effects. Illustrations are given using graphs and microinterferograms. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optothermal properties of fibers. V. Optical anisotropy in silk fibers as a function of annealing process (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60 (1996), S. 1289-1299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Silk fibers (Best Yellow Italian Silk, Ford & Co. Ltd) were annealed at constant temperatures of 100 and 150°C for different times ranging from 1 to 10 h and for different temperatures ranging from 60 to 160 ± 1°C for a constant time of 2 h. Refractive indices and birefringence were measured interferometrically. Two Independent techniques were used to study the optical anisotropy in these fibers. The first technique was to study the effect of annealing on the swelling properties of fibers from its diffraction pattern using a He—Ne laser beam. The second is the application of a double-refracting interference microscope. The double-beam technique is considered the most favorable technique in determining the mean re-fractive indices and the double refraction of the annealed samples. The behavior of optical properties at different annealing temperatures and times are discussed. The results obtained clarify that the reorientations occurred due to annealing at different conditions. Microin-terferograms and curves are given for illustration. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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