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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 6 (1971), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Conclusions Our results suggest that chronic exposure to Aroclor 1254 increased susceptibility of test pinfish and spot to disease, and also appeared to be toxic to these fish. This PCB is rapidly stored by pinfish and spot, and persists in tissues for approximately three months. Our findings emphasize the need for further study on the effect of chronic exposure of aquatic organisms to polychlorinated biphenyls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 8 (1972), S. 46-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 2 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus Lacépède, exposed to 5.5 to 31 μg/1 of the herbicide trifluralin, throughout their first 28 days of life, developed a heretofore undescribed vertebral dysplasia. This dysplasia consisted of semi-symmetrical hypertrophy of vertebrae (three to 20 times normal), characterized by foci of osteoblast and fibroblasts actively laying down bone and bone precursors. Effects of the abnormal vertebral development were dorsal vertebral growth into the neural canal, ventral compression of renal ducts, and longitudinal fusion of vertebrae. Pish, exposed for 51 days to 16.6 μg/1 trifluralin and thereafter depurated for 41 days, showed no increase in vertebral dysplasia during depuration; however, residual spinal column damage was evident. Serum calcium concentrations were elevated in adult fish exposed for 4 days to 16.6 μg/1 trifluralin. Fluorosis or mimicry of hypervitaminosis A are considered possible mechanisms for the osseous effect, but are not considered to be the only possible causes. The highly predictable nature of this disorder in experimental exposures strengthens the probability that young fish may serve as experimental models for determining effects of chemicals on early vertebrate ontogeny, particularly in regard to skeletal development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 12 (1974), S. 253-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 30 (1996), S. 467-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is in the process of developing Sediment Quality Criteria (SQC) to specify the acceptable degree of risk from sediment-mediated chemical exposure for the protection of benthically-coupled organisms. In this study, potential differences in chemical exposure for benthic organisms of differing habitats or feeding types were evaluated through the use of Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors (BSAFs). It was hypothesized that If species of different habitats have similar exposures, then the BSAF values should not be different. The BSAFs are calculated using the concentrations of chemicals in an organism (μg/g lipid) divided by the concentrations of the same chemicals in sediment (μg/gOC). Data from both freshwater and saltwater studies that met specified criteria for data quality were obtained from published papers or reports. These included three laboratory and five field studies containing 27 species and 4054 BSAF values. The BSAFs were intercompared for similarity of central tendency as grouped by chemical class (PCBs, PAHs, pesticides), individual species, and species grouped by habitat (infaunal deposit feeder, scavenger, filter feeder, and benthically-coupled fish). Plots of BSAFs grouped by class and KOW revealed that the BSAFs for the PAHs were uniformly lower (mean 0.34) than the PCB (1.03) or pesticide (1.36) classes. For the PCBs, the BSAFs for all species exhibited a KOW dependency with decreased bioaccumulation evident above and below the range of 5.99–7.27 log10 KOW. In order to optimize the detection of species/habitat differences in the BSAFs, further analyses were segregated by chemical class and excluded PCB data outside the above KOW range. These analyses revealed similar BSAF values for various species both within and among habitat groups, and indicated that the sum total of exposures from all routes is similar across species. This similarity of chemical exposure across benthic species, and the similarity of sensitivities between benthic species and species used to derive WQC FCVs supports the applicability of SQC for all benthic organisms as a group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 37 (1999), S. 496-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The acute and chronic toxicity of fluoranthene was determined for a diverse group of freshwater and saltwater species under both standard laboratory fluorescent light and ultraviolet (UV) light test conditions. Acute tests with 21 species demonstrated that fluoranthene was not lethal within its water solubility limit to most species tested under fluorescent light, but was lethal well below this limit to nearly all of the species tested under UV light. In general, the acute sensitivity of freshwater and saltwater species from the same class was similar, although UV light exposure changed the relative sensitivity of some species. Crustaceans were the most sensitive to fluoranthene, but in the presence of UV light, an oligochaete and a fish were the most sensitive. Overall, UV light increased acute fluoranthene toxicity approximately one to three orders of magnitude. In chronic tests, sublethal concentrations of fluoranthene were toxic under both fluorescent and UV light, but as in most acute tests, UV light increased chronic toxicity approximately an order of magnitude. Comparison of data from tests conducted in the laboratory and outdoors demonstrated that acute toxicity increased with increased UV light intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 3 (1975), S. 22-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of high concentrations of a PCB (Aroclor 1254) in the Pensacola estuary prompted field and laboratory studies by the Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory (EPA). Monitoring of the estuary indicates the chemical is present in all components-particularly in sediments and fishes. Residues appear to be diminishing in sediments. Toxicity tests show estuarine species sensitive at ppb concentrations in water, with a ciliate protozoan (Tetrahymena pyriformis W), shrimps (Penaeus duorarum, P. aztecus, andPalaemonetes pugio), and a fish (Fundulus similis), affected at or near 1.0 ppb. Tissue concentrations of Aroclor 1254 similar to those found in natural populations of shrimps from the contaminated estuary were successfully duplicated in laboratory experiments. Shrimps also concentrated the PCB from very low concentrations (0.04 ppb) in the water. Three estuarine species demonstrated pathologic changes at tissue and cellular level after chronic exposure to the chemical. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) developed abnormal infiltration of leukocytes in the connective tissue, spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) developed fatty changes in their livers, and shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) developed crystalloids in hepatopancreatic nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 30 (1996), S. 467-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is in the process of developing Sediment Quality Criteria (SQC) to specify the acceptable degree of risk from sediment-mediated chemical exposure for the protection of benthically-coupled organisms. In this study, potential differences in chemical exposure for benthic organisms of differing habitats or feeding types were evaluated through the use of Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors (BSAFs). It was hypothesized that If species of different habitats have similar exposures, then the BSAF values should not be different. The BSAFs are calculated using the concentrations of chemicals in an organism (μg/g lipid) divided by the concentrations of the same chemicals in sediment (μg/goc). Data from both freshwater and saltwater studies that met specified criteria for data quality were obtained from published papers or reports. These included three laboratory and five field studies containing 27 species and 4054 BSAF values. The BSAFs were intercompared for similarity of central tendency as grouped by chemical class (PCBs, PAHs, pesticides), individual species, and species grouped by habitat (infaunal deposit feeder, scavenger, filter feeder, and benthically-coupled fish). Plots of BSAFs grouped by class and Kow revealed that the BSAFs for the PAHs were uniformly lower (mean 0.34) than the PCB (1.03) or pesticide (1.36) classes. For the PCBs, the BSAFs for all species exhibited a Kow dependency with decreased bioaccumulation evident above and below the range of 5.99–7.27 log10 Kow. In order to optimize the detection of species/habitat differences in the BSAFs, further analyses were segregated by chemical class and excluded PCB data outside the above Kow range. These analyses revealed similar BSAF values for various species both within and among habitat groups, and indicated that the sum total of exposures from all routes is similar across species. This similarity of chemical exposure across benthic species, and the similarity of sensitivities between benthic species and species used to derive WQC FCVs supports the applicability of SQC for all benthic organisms as a group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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