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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; stomach ; oesophagus ; gastric emptying ; oesophageal emptying ; autonomic nerve function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastric emptying of a digestible solid and liquid meal and oesophageal emptying of a solid bolus were measured with scintigraphic techniques in 20 randomly selected Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients receiving oral hypoglycaemic therapy and 20 control subjects. In the diabetic patients, the relationships between oesophageal emptying, gastric emptying, gastrointestinal symptoms, autonomic nerve function and glycaemic control were examined. The percentage of the solid meal remaining in the stomach at 100 min (p〈0.001), the 50% gastric emptying time for the liquid meal (p〈0.05) and oesophageal emptying (p〈0.05) were slower in the diabetic patients compared to the control subjects. Scores for upper gastrointestinal symptoms and autonomic nerve dysfunction did not correlate significantly (p〉0.05) with oesophageal, or gastric emptying. The 50% gastric emptying time for the liquid meal was positively related (r=0.58, p〈0.01) to the plasma glucose concentration at the time of the performance of the gastric emptying test and the lag period, before any solid food emptied from the stomach, was longer (p〈0.05) in subjects with plasma glucose concentrations during the gastric emptying measurement greater than the median, compared to those with glucose concentrations below the median. These results indicate that delayed gastric and oesophageal emptying occur frequently in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and that delayed gastric emptying relates, at least in part, to plasma glucose concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Gastric emptying ; stomach ; hyperglycaemia ; autonomic neuropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 10 patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus gastric emptying of a digestible solid and liquid meal was measured during euglycaemia (blood glucose concentration 4–8 mmol/l) and during hyperglycaemia (blood glucose concentration 16–20 mmol/l). Gastric emptying was studied with a scintigraphic technique and blood glucose concentrations were stabilised using a modified glucose clamp. Patients were also evaluated for gastrointestinal symptoms, autonomic nerve function and glycaemic control. When compared to euglycaemia, the duration of the lag phase before any of the solid meal emptied from the stomach (p = 0.032), the percentage of the solid meal remaining in the stomach at 100 min (p = 0.032) and the 50% emptying time for the solid meal (p = 0.032) increased during hyperglycaemia. The 50% emptying time for the liquid meal (p = 0.042) was also prolonged during the period of hyperglycaemia. These results demonstrate that the rate of gastric emptying in Type 1 diabetes is affected by the blood glucose concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Isoptin (Verapamil, Iproveratril) und sein nächster Verwandterα-Isopropyl-α-((N-methyl-N-homoveratryl)-γ-aminopropyl)-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetonitril (Substanz D 600) sowie Segontin (Prenylamin) erweisen sich nicht nur am Säugetiermyokard, sondern auch an den glatten Muskelzellen des isolierten Rattenuterus als hochaktive Ca++-Antagonisten, die die elektro-mechanischen Koppelungsprozesse blockieren und bei gleichzeitiger Dämpfung der Membranerregbarkeit eine totale Uterusrelaxation erzwingen. Dementsprechend hemmen die genannten Ca++-Antagonisten schon in einem Konzentrationsbereich von etwa 5×10−6 M/l die mechanischen Reaktionen des Uterus auf isotonische KCl-Lösung, kathodische Gleichstrompolarisation, Acetylcholin, Carbaminoylcholin, Oxytocin und BaCl2 mehr oder weniger vollständig. 2. Bei Reduktion des Ca++-Gehalts der Tyrodelösung (1,8 mM/l) auf ein Viertel der Norm (0,45 mM/l) werden die Relaxationseffekte von Isoptin, Substanz D 600 und Segontin beträchtlich verstärkt. Umgekehrt wird die relaxierende Wirkung der genannten Ca++-Antagonisten prompt neutralisiert und die Ansprechbarkeit der Uterusmuskulatur auf Kontrakturstoffe wieder hergestellt, wenn man den Ca++-Gehalt der Tyrodelösung auf das 4–8fache steigert. Dabei kehrt auch die vorher unterdrückte Spontanaktivität der Uterusmuskulatur zur Norm zurück. 3. Auch andere „musculotrope“ Relaxantien der Uterusmuskulatur, wie z.B. Papaverin, Äthylpapaverin und Nitroglycerin, sind durch klare Ca++-antagonistische Effekte ausgezeichnet. Dementsprechend kann auch die durch Papaverin, Äthylpapaverin oder Nitroglycerin erzwungene Ruhigstellung des Uterus trotz weiterer Anwesenheit dieser Stoffe mittels eines Zusatzes von Extracalcium durchbrochen werden. Dies läßt vermuten, daß das pharmakodynamische Wirkungsprinzip musculotroper Relaxantien generell auf der Ausschaltung physiologischer Ca++-Effekte beruht. 4. Auffälligerweise führen die genannten Ca++-Antagonisten auch zu einer Hemmung der bioelektrischen Erregungsphänomene an den glatten Muskelzellen, so daß die automatische Impulsbildung, die Fortleitung von Aktionspotentialen sowie das Ausmaß der Oxytocin- oder BaCl2-induzierten Membrandepolarisation eingeschränkt wird. Extracalcium wirkt auch auf die bioelektrischen Membranfunktionen restituierend. Hieraus ist auf eine stärkere Beteiligung von Ca++-Ionen am Erregungsvorgang der Uterusmuskulatur zu schließen. 5. Für die Ausschaltung der Spontanaktivität des isolierten Rattenuterus sind sowohl „musculotrop“ angreifende Ca++-Antagonisten als auch „neurotrope“ Wirkstoffe—speziell Sympathomimetica mitβ-Receptoren-stimulierenden Eigenschaften — brauchbar. Bei der vergleichenden Prüfung einer Vielzahl von Uterusrelaxantien zeigte Substanz D 600 unter den musculotropen Hemmstoffen eine etwa 100mal höhere Wirkungsstärke als Papaverin. Unter den sympathomimetischen Stoffen war Substanz Th 1165a (C. H. Boehringer Sohn, Ingelheim) als Inhibitor der Spontanaktivität am effektivsten. Die elektro-mechanischen Koppelungsprozesse werden jedoch von den sympathomimetischen Hemmstoffen der Uterusmotilität crst in 10000fach höheren Dosen oder überhaupt nicht beeinträchtigt. Auch gegenüber den Uteruskontrakturen durch KCl oder Oxytocin sind Sympathomimetica praktisch unwirksam. 6. Mit der Auffindung hochaktiver Ca++-Antagonisten ist die Möglichkeit gegeben, das schwache Papaverin auch in der klinischen Therapie durch stärkere musculotrope Uterusrelaxantien abzulösen. Besonders vielversprechend ist die Kombination einesβ-adrenergischen Sympathomimeticums mit einem Ca++-antagonistischen Hemmstoff — speziell mit Substanz D 600. Dabei ist mit einer Addition der erwünschten uterusrelaxierenden Effekte zu rechnen, während sich umgekehrt die unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen auf das Herz gegenseitigneutralisieren. Tatsächlich sind dieβ-adrenergischen Myokardeffekte (Steigerung von Herzkraft, Schlagvolumen, Schlagfrequenz, O2-Bedarf; Förderung ektopischer Erregungsbildung) den Wirkungen Ca++-antagonistischer Hemmstoffe (Herabsetzung von Herzkraft, Schlagvolumen, Schlagfrequenz, O2-Bedarf; antiarrhythmische Einflüsse) diametral entgegengesetzt.
    Notes: Summary 1. Isoptin (verapamil, iproveratril), D 600, a methoxy-derivate of Isoptin (formula:α-isopropyl-α-((N-methyl-N-homoveratryl)-γ-aminopropyl)-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetonitrile) and Segontin (prenylamine) are highly potent Ca-antagonistic inhibitors of excitation-contraction coupling not only in the mammalian myocardium but also in the isolated rat myometrium. By this action they produce a complete relaxation of the smooth uterine muscle fibres. In addition, membrane excitability is reduced. Accordingly, in concentrations as low as 5×10−6 M/l, the Ca-antagonistic drugs inhibit more or less completely the mechanical uterus response to isotonic KCl solution, cathodic depolarization, or drugs such as acetylcholine, carbaminoylcholine, oxytocin, and BaCl2. 2. The relaxant effects of Isoptin, D 600 and Segontin are considerably enhanced when the extracellular Ca concentration is lowered from 1.8 mM/l to 0.45 mM/l. If, on the other hand, the Ca content of the Tyrode solution is increased by 4–8 times the ability of uterine muscle to develop contractures is restored, and the relaxing effects of the Ca-antagonistic compounds disappear promptly. Moreover, excitability and auto-rhythmicity of the isolated myometrium return to normal. 3. It is interesting to note that other “musculotropic” relaxants of uterine smooth muscle, such as papaverine, ethyl-papaverine and nitroglycerin, also exhibit distinct Ca antagonistic properties. Accordingly, these drug effects too can be neutralized to a great extent by extra-calcium. Presumably, the inhibition of physiological Ca effects must be considered to be a predominant factor in the mechanism of action of musculotropic smooth muscle relaxants. 4. An inhibition of the uterine excitatory processes, such as auto-rhythmicity and conduction of action potentials, as well as a certain restriction in the extent of the electrical membrane responses to oxytocin or to BaCl2 is a peculiarity of smooth muscle fibres in their reactions to Ca-antagonistic compounds. Since the bioelectrical membrane functions can be normalized by extra-calcium, a significant participation of Ca ions on these processes has to be postulated. 5. The spontaneous contractions of the isolated rat myometrium are abolished by “musculotropic” Ca-antagonists as well as by certain “neurotropic” agents, particularly those with adrenergicβ-receptor stimulating properties. In a comparative study, D-600 proved to be the most effective of the Ca-antagonistic drugs, being about 100 times stronger than papaverine. Among the sympathomimetic substances, compound Th-1165a (C. H. Boehringer Sohn, Ingelheim) was most efficient in inhibiting spontaneous uterine movements. In contrast to the action of Ca-antagonistic drugs, the sympathomimetic substances do not affect excitation-contraction coupling except in a 10.000-fold dose. Furthermore, sympathomimetic amines do not prevent the pharmacological contractures produced by KCl or oxytocin. 6. The discovery of very potent Ca-antagonistic inhibitors of excitation-contraction coupling provides an opportunity of replacing, perhaps even for clinical purposes, papaverine by stronger “musculotropic” relaxants of the myometrium. Furthermore, a combination of aβ-adrenergic substance with a Ca-antagonistic drug such as D-600 seems to be rather promising; in this case an additional influence on uterine relaxation can be expected whereas the unpleasant cardiac side effects will be neutralized by each other. Obviously, the heart actions ofβ-adrenergic drugs such as an increase in contractile force, stroke volume, frequency, O2-consumption and susceptibility to arrhythmias or fibrillation are diametrically opposed to the cardiac effects of the Ca-antagonistic compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0020-1693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @classical review 46 (1996), S. 91-93 
    ISSN: 0009-840X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Classical Studies
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @classical review 45 (1995), S. 315-317 
    ISSN: 0009-840X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Classical Studies
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Habitat degradation and climate change are thought to be altering the distributions and abundances of animals and plants throughout the world, but their combined impacts have not been assessed for any species assemblage. Here we evaluated changes in the distribution sizes and abundances of 46 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 25 (1990), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0168-1591
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Inorganica Chimica Acta 116 (1986), S. L5-L6 
    ISSN: 0020-1693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 105 (1992), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Digoxin poisoning ; Postmortem diagnosis ; Ocular tissues ; Digoxinintoxikation ; Postmortale Diagnostik ; Okuläre Gewebe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nachdem von anderen Autoren tierexperimentell hohe Digitalisglykosidkonzentrationen in okulären Geweben nachgewiesen werden konnten, sollte die Frage geklärt werden, ob durch Bestimmung der Digoxinspiegel in Augengeweben ein Beitrag zur Verbesserung der postmortalen Diagnostik von tödlichen Digoxinintoxikationen geleistet werden kann. Bei mit Digoxin behandelten, in Kliniken verstorbenen Patienten (therapeutisches Kollektiv) sowie in einem Fall einer suicidalen Vergiftung wurden Digoxinkonzentrationen in Glaskörperflüssigkeit und Choroidretina bestimmt. Die in den okulären Geweben bestimmten Werte wurden den Digoxinspiegeln in Femoralvenenblut, Myocard, Niere und Leber gegenübergestellt und unter Berücksichtigung anamnestischer Daten interpretiert. In der Choroidretina wurden im therapeutischen Kollektiv Digoxinkonzentrationen gefunden, die im Mittel deutlich über den in den übrigen Organen bestimmten Werten lagen. Die Streuung der Choroidretinakonzentrationen nach therapeutischer Dosierung war mit der Streuung der übrigen Gewebespiegel vergleichbar. In dem Intoxikationsfall wurde eine ausgesprochen hohe Choroidretinakonzentration festgestellt. Im Vergleich zu den Choroidretinawerten waren die Glaskörperflüssigkeitsspiegel in allen Fällen sehr niedrig; mit einer wesentlichen Verfälschung der Choroidretinakonzentrationen durch eine mögliche Diffusion des Digoxins in den Glaskörper ist danach nicht zu rechnen. Nach unseren Untersuchungsergebnissen ist die Bestimmung des Digoxinspiegels in der Choroidretina in fraglichen Vergiftungsfällen sinnvoll.
    Notes: Summary Prompted by animal studies reporting the accumulation of digitalis-glycosides in ocular tissues, we investigated whether measurement of digoxin levels in human ocular tissues can improve the postmortem diagnosis of lethal digoxin intoxication. Digoxin was measured in the vitreous humor and choroid-retina of patients who had received in-patient treatment with digoxin prior to death (therapeutic group) and in a single case of suicidal intoxication. The results were compared with the digoxin levels in the femoral vein blood, myocardium, kidney and liver, and evaluated in light of the medical history of each patient. In the therapeutic group the mean digoxin level was higher in the choroid-retina than in other tissues and body fluids. The range of variation in levels in the choroid-retina following therapeutic doses was comparable to that in the other tissues. An extremely high level of digoxin was present in the choroid-retina in the case of suicidal intoxication. In all cases, levels in the vitreous humor were very low compared to those in the choroid-retina. Hence, it is unlikely that significant distortion of choroid-retinal levels occurs due to postmortem diffusion of digoxin into the vitreous body. Our results indicate that measurement of digoxin levels in the choroid-retina can aid the postmortem diagnosis of lethal digoxin intoxication.
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