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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Tissue culture ; pancreatic islets ; degranulation ; endoplasmic reticulum ; insulin content ; insulin release ; insulin degradation ; insulin biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated mouse pancreatic islets were maintained in tissue culture for up to 12 days in glucose concentrations varying between 3.3 and 28 ml. A satisfactory ultrastructural preservation of the islet cells was found irrespective of the glucose concentration of the culture medium. While the B-cells of islets cultured in the lower glucose concentration showed slight degranulation, there was extensive degranulation and increased amounts of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum after culture in the higher glucose concentration. The immunoreactive insulin content of islets cultured at 28 mM glucose was markedly decreased and the insulin secretion during the culture period was much higher than that of islets cultured at 3.3 mM glucose. The insulin biosynthesis, as reflected in the incorporation of3H-leucine into gel chromatographed extracts of acid-ethanol soluble islet proteins, was studied either during the culture period or at the end of a 6-day culture in short-term incubations lasting for 90 or 180 min. The results consistently showed that the biosynthesis of insulin proceeded at a high rate and remained regulated by glucose throughout the culture period. The continuous addition of newly synthesized and labelled insulin to the small intracellular insulin pool of the high-glucose cultured B-cells produced a very high specific radioactivity of the insulin.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; diabetic Chinese hamsters ; islet cells ; A1-cells ; glucagon ; insulin ; hypothalamus ; stomach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effects of somatostatin on the release of insulin and glucagon, as well as its localization to the A1-cells (D-cells) of the pancreatic islets, suggest a role of this peptide in carbohydrate metabolism. In the present study we have measured the percentage islet volume, the total weight of the A1-cells and the somatostatin concentration in the pancreas of normal and spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamsters. In addition, the concentration of somatostatin in the stomach and hypothalamus as well as the insulin and glucagon content of the pancreas were evaluated. The percentage islet volume in the normal hamsters was 0.66±0.12, which was in marked excess of that in the diabetic group, 0.38±0.04. Similarly, the total weight of the A1-cells in the controls, 0.17±0.02 mg, was significantly larger than that in the diabetic animals, 0.12±0.02 mg. In agreement with these findings there was also a decreased pancreatic concentration of insulin and somatostatin, whereas the glucagon concentration was in the normal range. Also the stomach of the diabetic hamsters showed a decreased concentration of somatostatin. In the hypothalamus the total content of somatostatin appeared similar in the two groups of animals, but when expressed per mg wet weight this value was also decreased in the diabetic hamsters. These observations strongly suggest that, in the diabetic Chinese hamster, apart from the well-known B-cell deficiency there exists also a decreased functional activity of the somatostatin-producing cells.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Islet β cell ; cyclosporin A mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the light of recent attempts to treat newly-diagnosed Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with cyclosporin A, and reports suggesting an impaired glucose tolerance following immunosuppresion therapy with cyclosporin A, we investigated the long-term effects of cyclosporin A on islet β-cell morphology and function in vitro. Collagenase-isolated mouse pancreatic islets were cultured free-floating for 7 days in medium RPMI 1640 + 10% calf serum in the presence of cyclosporin A (0.1 or 1.0 mg/l). Islets cultured in the presence of the higher cyclosporin A concentration had impaired islet proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin release when challenged with high glucose concentration. Moreover, the insulin content of the drug-exposed islets was decreased and so was the rate of DNA synthesis. The glucose oxidation and respiratory rates, however, remained unaffected, suggesting that the impaired insulin production was not a result of defective oxidative metabolism. There were no changes in the ultrastructure or phospholipid biosynthesis of the islets after the drug treatment. These data indicate that cyclosporin A affects islets in culture, the clinical implications of which are so far difficult to assess. The inhibitory effect of cyclosporin A on islet cell DNA synthesis must nevertheless be considered in attempts to ameliorate Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes, and when grafting islet cells in numbers primarily insufficient to cure the recipient.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Islet amyloid polypeptide ; human pancreatic islets ; islet transplantation ; immune histochemistry ; hyperglycaemia.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human islets of Langerhans were transplanted to the subcapsular space of the kidneys of nude mice which were either normoglycaemic or made diabetic with alloxan. After 2 weeks, the transplants were processed for light and electron microscopical analyses. In all transplants, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)-positive cells were found with highest frequency in normoglycaemic animals. IAPP-positive amyloid was seen in 16 out of 22 transplants (73 %), either by polarisation microscopy after Congo red staining or by immune electron microscopy. At variance with previous findings of amyloid deposits exclusively in the extracellular space of islets of non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients, the grafted islets contained intracellular amyloid deposits as well. There was no clear difference in occurrence of amyloid between diabetic and non-diabetic animals. The present study indicates that human islets transplanted into nude mice very soon present IAPP-positive amyloid deposits. This technique may provide a valuable model for studies of the pathogenesis of islet amyloid and its impact on islet cell function. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 543–549]
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; mutation ob ; obesehyperglycemic mice ; growth hormone ; sulfate uptake of costal cartilage ; epiphyseal width ; insulin resistance ; pituitary morphology ; liver hexokinase ; liver glucokinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La cause de la résistance prononcée à l'insuline caractérisant le syndrome obèse-hyperglycémique de la sourisobob n'est pas encore connue. Cette étude a été entreprise dans le but d'évaluer le rôle pathogénique éventuel de l'hormone de croissance (GH), mesurantin vivo le taux d'incorporation de sulfate dans le cartilage costal chez les souris normales et obèse hyperglycémiques de même nichées et à des âges différents. Les résultats suivants ont été obtenus: a) L'administration de GH augmente l'incorporation de sulfate dans le cartilage costal des deux types de souris, b) La présence de GH augmente la résistance à l'insuline des animaux obèses-hyperglycémiques. c) L'incorporation de sulfate est considérablement augmentée chez la souris obèse âgée de plus d'un mois et reste élevée jusqu'à environ 10 mois. Chez des animaux de 17 mois, elle est ramené à un taux semblable à celui des souris normales d'une même nichée. En plus, l'épiphyse du tibia était plus large chez la souris obèse. Une étude morphologique de l'hypophyse a été faite ensuite puisqu'il n'était pas établi que les taux élevés d'incorporation de sulfate soient dûs à une activité endogène accrue de la GH et/ou à l'insulinémie élevée observée chez la souris obèse en cette période de la vie. L'absence de différences structurelles ou quantitatives entre les cellules α hypophysaires des souris normales et obèses n'exclut pas l'éventualité que l'activité de sulfation accrue soit due à l'insulinémie élevée plutôt qu'à une augmentation de l'activité de l'hormone de croissance. Une activité de la glycokinase caractérisée par unK m élevé a été trouvée dans le foie des souris normales et obèses. Chez la souris obèse, une élévation significative de cette activité enzymatique, — valors que l'activité de l'hexokinase n'est pas augmentée-suggère que les cellules hépatiques ne sont pas impliquées par la résistance à l'insuline décrite dans le syndrome obèse — hyperglycémique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ursache der Insulinresistenz derobob Maus ist noch immer unbekannt. Um festzustellen, ob dem Wachstumshormon eventuell pathogenetische Bedeutung zukomme, wurde die Inkorporation von Sulfat in den Rippenknorpel vonobob Mäusen und normalgewichtigen Kontrolltieren verschiedener Altersklassen gemessen. Die Injektion von Wachstumshormon erhöht die Inkorporation von Sulfat bei allen Tieren. Bei den fettsüchtigen nahm nach der Injektion außerhalb die Insulinresistenz zu. Die spontane Inkorporation von Sulfat in die Rippenknorpel war bei denobob Tieren nach dem ersten und ungefähr bis zum zehnten Lebensmonat signifikant erhöht. Bei 17 Monate alten Tieren wurden den bei Normaltieren gemessenen entsprechende Werte gefunden. Weiterhin war die Breite der Tibia-Epiphyse der obesen Maus größer. Da es auf Grund dieser Resultate nicht möglich war, zu unterscheiden, ob die erhöhte Inkorporation tatsächlich auf erhöhte Konzentrationen endogenen Wachstumshormons und/oder auf die gleichzeitig bestehende Hyperinsulinämie zurückzuführen sei, wurden die Hypophysen der Tiere histologisch untersucht. Dabei konnten zwischen den obes-hyperglykämischen und den normalen Tieren weder strukturelle Unterschiede noch solche in der Zahl der A-Zellen festgestellt werden. Es ist deshalb vorderhand unmöglich, die Hyperinsulinämie als Ursache der bei denobob Mäusen festgestellten Erhöhung der Sulfatinkorporation auszuschließen. Bei Kontrollundobob-Mäusen war die Glucokinaseaktivität, nicht aber diejenige der Hexokinase erhöht. Die Aktivitätssteigerung der Glucokinase war bei denobob Mäusen deutlich ausgeprägter und es wird deshalb angenommen, daß die Leberzellen derobob Tiere nicht insulinresistent sind.
    Notes: Summary The cause of the pronounced insulin resistance of the hereditary obese-hyperglycemic syndrome in mice (obob) is so far unknown. To evaluate whether growth hormone (GH) is of pathogenetic significance in this context thein vivo incorporation of sulfate into costal cartilage was measured in obese-hyperglycemic mice and their lean littermates at various ages. It was found that a) GH administration raised the sulfation activity of the costal cartilage in both types of mice; b) the hormone further increased the insulin resistance of the obesehyperglycemic animals; c) the sulfate incorporation of the obese mice was considerably elevated after 1 month of age and remained high until the age of about 10 months. In 17 months old animals it had returned to a level similar to that of the lean littermates. In addition, the epiphyseal width of the tibia was increased in the obese mice. Since it was not clear whether the increased rate of sulfate in corporation was due to an elevated endogenous GH activity and/or the high serum insulin levels prevailing in the obese mice at this period of life a study of the pituitary morphology was carried out. The lack of obvious structural or quantitative differences between the pituitary alpha cells of the lean and obese mice did not exclude the possibility that the elevated sulfation activity was caused by the high serum insulin levels rather than an increased circulating GH activity. — Glucokinase activity, characterized by a highK m value, was found in the livers of both lean and obese mice. A significant elevation of this enzyme activity, but not of the hexokinase activity, in the obese mice strongly suggests that the insulin resistance does not extend to the liver cells in the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Islet amyloid polypeptide ; human pancreatic islets ; islet transplantation ; immune histochemistry ; hyperglycaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human islets of Langerhans were transplanted to the subcapsular space of the kidneys of nude mice which were either normoglycaemic or made diabetic with alloxan. After 2 weeks, the transplants were processed for light and electron microscopical analyses. In all transplants, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)-positive cells were found with highest frequency in normoglycaemic animals. IAPP-positive amyloid was seen in 16 out of 22 transplants (73%), either by polarisation microscopy after Congo red staining or by immune electron microscopy. At variance with previous findings of amyloid deposits exclusively in the extracellular space of islets of non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients, the grafted islets contained intracellular amyloid deposits as well. There was no clear difference in occurrence of amyloid between diabetic and non-diabetic animals. The present study indicates that human islets transplanted into nude mice very soon present IAPP-positive amyloid deposits. This technique may provide a valuable model for studies of the pathogenesis of islet amyloid and its impact on islet cell function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Isolated islets of Langerhans ; A2-cells ; B-cells ; glucose oxidation ; fatty acid oxidation ; glucagon.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'oxydation du glucose et des acides gras a été mesurée dans les îlots normaux de Langerhans chez le cobaye, ainsi que dans les îlots riches en cellules A2 du cobaye traité à la streptozotocine. Le taux d'oxydation de ces composés dans les cellules A2 et les cellules B du cobaye a été estimé. Dans les cellules B, l'oxydation du glucose et de l'acide octanoique a fortement répondu à des changements dans les taux extra-cellulaires de ces substrats. L'acide palmitique ne semble pas avoir été oxydé par les cellules B. Au contraire, l'oxydation de l'acide octanoique et de l'acide palmitique dans les cellules A2 était très sensible aux changements dans la concentration des acides gras extra-cellulaires. La sensibilité de l'oxydation du glucose envers les changements dans la concentration du glucose était comparativement faible. Le taux élevé de l'oxydation des acides gras dans les cellules A2 corrobore l'hypothèse que le degré du métabolisme des acides gras dans ces cellules joue un rôle important dans la régulation de la sécrétion du glucagon.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An normalen Langerhansschen Inseln vom Meerschweinchen und an mit A2-Zellen angereicherten Inseln von streptozotozin-behandelten Meerschweinchen wurde die Oxidation von Glucose und Fettsäuren gemessen und die Oxidationsrate in A2-Zellen und B-Zellen des Meerschweinchens bestimmt. In den B-Zellen hing die Oxidation von Glucose und Octansäure stark von den Änderungen der extracellulären Konzentrationen dieser Substanzen ab. Palmitinsäure schien in den B-Zellen nicht oxidiert zu werden. Dagegen war die Oxidation von Oktansäure und Palmitinsäure in den A2-Zellen sehr von den Schwankungen der extracellulären Fettsäurekonzentration abhängig. Die Änderung der Glucoseoxidation bei Schwankungen der Glucosekonzentration war im Verhältnis dazu gering. Die hohe Oxidationsrate der Fettsäuren in den A2-Zellen unterstützt die Theorie, daß der Fettsäuremetabolismus dieser Zellen eine wesentliche Rolle in der Regulierung der Glucose-sekretion spielt.
    Notes: Summary Glucose and fatty acid oxidation has been measured in normal guinea-pig islets of Langerhans, and in A2-cell rich islets from streptozotocin-treated guinea-pigs. The rate of oxidation of these compounds in guinea-pig A2-cells and B-cells has been estimated. In the B-cells, the oxidation of glucose and octanoic acid responded markedly to changes in the extracellular levels of these substrates. Palmitic acid did not appear to be oxidized by the B-cells. In contrast, the oxidation of octanoic acid and palmitic acid in the A2-cells was very sensitive to changes in the extracellular fatty acid concentration. The sensitivity of glucose oxidation to changes in the glucose concentration was small by comparison. The high rate of oxidation of fatty acids in the A2-cells supports the view that the rate of fatty acid metabolism in these cells plays an important role in the regulation of glucagon release.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 19 (1963), S. 74-76 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schwefelmikrobestimmungen wurden an isolierten Langerhansschen Inseln fettleibiger Mäuse ausgeführt. Die Schwefelkonzentration der Inseln war nahezu zweimal so hoch wie die des exokrinen Pankreasparenchyms. Nach Nahrungsentzug wurde in den Inseln keine signifikante Veränderung des Schwefelgehaltes festgestellt.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin-dependent diabetes ; cellular immunity ; mouse ; streptozotocin ; auto-immunity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Anti-B cell auto-immunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes in mice resulting from multiple subdiabetogenic doses of the pancreatic B cell toxin, streptozotocin. In the present study we have investigated the cytotoxic anti-B cell response in these mice. A major role for B lymphocytes, macrophages, or their products in the cytotoxic response originally detected in vitro was eliminated by passing splenocytes from the mice treated with multiple subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin over a nylon wool column. The removal of the adherent cells enhanced the cytotoxicity against a rat insulinoma cell line in vitro by that expected due to enrichment of T-lymphocytes by approximately twofold. The induction of diabetes after multiple subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin is strain dependent. Mice of five strains were immunized with rat insulinoma cells, but only splenocytes from the two strains susceptible to multiple subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin demonstrated a significant cytotoxic response against the rat insulinoma cells in vitro. Mice pre-immunized with either the rat insulinoma cells or with syngeneic islets labelled in vitro with the hapten trinitrophenol developed hyperglycaemia more rapidly than control mice after multiple subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin. In the latter experiment the control mice immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant alone also became hyperglycaemic after a modified multiple subdiabetogenic dose of streptozotocin that did not cause diabetes in non-immunized mice. In mice pre-treated with either adjuvant or cyclophosphamide and then given a modified multiple subdiabetogenic dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg × 5 rather than 40 mg/ kg) the degree of hyperglycaemia was reduced and there was no protective effect of cyclophosphamide. However, the mice pre-treated with adjuvant again developed hyperglycaemia more rapidly and to a much higher level than did the mice given multiple subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin only. These additional data further support the hypothesis that B-cell destruction after multiple subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin results from triggering of an immune response against these insulin-producing cells.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 25 (1983), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; microcirculation ; glucose-stimulation ; islet blood flow ; rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood flow to the pancreatic islets of the rat was estimated with the microsphere technique. Experiments with microspheres of different sizes (diameter 10, 15 or 50 μm) showed that optimal results were obtained with 10-μm spheres. Localization of microspheres either within or outside the islets was accomplished by freeze-thawing of the pancreas, making it transparent, so that both islets and microspheres could be distinguished in dark field illumination. Thus, microscopic examination of the freeze-thawed pancreas allowed the microspheres to be counted separately in both the endocrine and exocrine parenchyma. Under basal conditions, pancreatic blood flow was calculated as O.60 ml·min-1·g-1 (w/w). The islets accounted for about 10% of the total pancreatic blood flow, corresponding to 0.069 ml/min per whole pancreas. A bolus dose of glucose increased pancreatic blood flow to0.75 ml·min-1·g-1(p 〈0.05), while the fractional islet blood flow rose to 15.1% (p 〈0.001) corresponding to 0.125ml· min-1·pancreas-1 (p·〈0.001). The glucose-induced increase in pancreatic blood flow mainly resulted from increased flow to the pancreatic tail, while the corresponding increase in islet blood flow was uniformly distributed throughout the pancreas. Injection of the non-metabolizable glucose-derivate, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose, affected neither the pancreatic nor the islet blood flow. The data indicate that the islets receive more of the pancreatic blood flow than would be accounted for by their relative volume and that glucose preferentially stimulates blood flow to the islets.
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