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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Renshaw cells ; Moto-neurone-Renshaw cell linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The red nucleus region was stereotaxically stimulated with short trains of high-frequency alternating current pulses in anaesthetized cats. The effects were studied, in contralateral lumbar segments, on the responses of microrecorded individual Renshaw cells (RCs) to antidromic or orthodromic test shocks of ventral root or muscle nerve fibres. Monosynaptic reflexes (MRs) of their motoneurone pools were recorded from one of the cut lumbar ventral roots. Averages of 10–20 replicate test responses of the RC (converted into instantaneous frequency curves, IFCs) and of the MR shapes were computed and graphically displayed. 2. Orthodromic (afferent) test shocks induced simultaneously MRs as well as responses of a RC belonging to the same motor pool. From their paired records at systematically varied shock strengths, whole “linkage characteristics” of the relation between the two events could be obtained, representing the functional linkage from the motoraxon collaterals to the RC under study. The overall result of rubral conditioning was a change in the course of the characteristic, which indicated a reduction of this linkage (= relative inhibition of the RC against its recurrent input). 3. Sequential trials with test shocks of constant, submaximal strength were performed with 45 individual RCs. The clearest results were obtained with RC responses to antidromic ventral root shocks: 65% of the RCs were partially inhibited by rubral conditioning. Interposed minor facilitory subcomponents could be seen in the course of inhibited IFCs. Mixed sequences of manifest inhibitory/facilitory effects were observed in 11%; reversed sequences (facilitory/inhibitory) did not occur. A pure but weak facilitation was found in only one case, paralleled by an increase of the MR. RCs belonging to either extensor or flexor motor pools were affected about equally. A little over 20% of the tested RCs remained uninfluenced by rubral stimulation. 4. The MRs, induced by constant, submaximal, orthodromic test shocks, were usually enhanced with only few exceptions, by rubral stimulation. The effects on the orthodromic RC responses were mainly inhibitory, but could be more or less masked by the concurrent increase of the MR, providing a stronger recurrent input to the RC. Such inhibition could be uncovered, however, by observing the above described linkage change. 5. Variation of several parameters of rubral conditioning (train duration, timing of train with respect to test shock, strength of train) modified the inhibitory effects on antidromic RC responses to a certain extent without changing their principal character. Higher conditioning strengths frequently induced mass discharges of previously silent motoneurones, but at the same time an increased inhibition of the concurrent RC responses. 6. Spontaneous RC activity (in the absence of test stimuli) occurred infrequently and was weak and interrupted by silent periods. When this persisted long enough for testing repeated rubral stimulation, a strong initial inhibition lasting up to several hundred ms was found, sometimes followed by some oscillations of the average discharge rate. 7. The predominant combination of concurrent effects of the conditioning, namely, inhibition of RCs and facilitation of motoneurones, indicated independent (and mostly divergent) control of the two target neurones by the red nucleus. It is concluded that in this way the RCs can be flexibly and transiently decoupled to some degree from their recurrent motoneuronal input.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ramp-and-hold stretches ; Ia inhibitory interneurones ; Renshaw cells ; Reciprocal inhibition ; Recurrent facilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of ramp stretches applied to triceps surae muscle on the discharge patterns of single Ia inhibitory interneurones, monosynaptically invaded from various nerves, were studied in either decerebrate or anesthetized cats. Interneurones which received direct excitatory Ia input from the stretched muscle exhibited augmented activity both during the dynamic and static phase of stretch, which was, however, interrupted by a transient inhibitory influence during the dynamic phase of stretch. The influences on Ia inhibitory interneurones, monosynaptically invaded from hamstring or tibial nerve, were exclusively inhibitory. These stretch-induced inhibitions were better demonstrable in decerebrate than in anesthetized preparations. The timing of the discharge patterns of additionally recorded Renshaw cells during stretch, and the disappearance or reduction of the above described inhibitory effects after administration of DHE, strongly support the idea that these inhibitory actions are caused by Renshaw inhibition. In Ia inhibitory interneurones, monosynaptically activated from the antagonistic peroneal nerve, stretch induced also pronounced inhibitory effects, which were most probably caused by mutual inhibition between Ia inhibitory interneurones. The suppression of agonistic Ia inhibitory interneurone activity below the tonic resting activity corresponded to an enhancement of the monosynaptic reflex amplitude of the antagonistic motoneurone pool. The findings suggest that normal orthodromic activation of Renshaw cells, and consequently the recurrent inhibition of the Ia inhibitory interneurones, is predominantly linked with rapid phasic, rather than slow tonic, motoneuronal firing. The functional role of this mechanism for the performance of rapidly alternating movements and the damping of ballistic agonist contractions is discussed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Local tetanus ; Spinal interneurones ; Spinal inhibitions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats the activities of Renshaw cells (RCs) and Ia-inhibitory interneurones (IaINs) were recorded during the accumulation of tetanus toxin in the spinal cord following injection into the gastrocnemius muscle. The early response of the RCs increased during the period of development of local tetanus. With some cells there was a subsequent decrease in the early response in later periods of the observation time (16–44 hrs after intramuscular injection). The effects on the spontaneous activity of the RCs were in good correspondence to those on the early response. The hyperactivity of the RCs is proposed to be mediated mainly via disinhibited cholinergic gamma-motoneurones using muscarinic postsynaptic receptors. The “pause” which follows the early response and the recurrent inhibition of IaINs was not reduced during the development of local tetanus. These results indicate that the central action of tetanus toxin in local tetanus does not consist of a general loss of postsynaptic inhibition. It is suggested that tetanus toxin acts mainly on synaptic elements of the alpha- and gamma-motoneurones or on presynaptic nerve terminals in their vicinity. In later periods a disturbing influence on the cholinergic transmission at Renshaw cells seems to occur.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Primary muscle spindle ending ; Stretch sensitivities ; Dual fusimotor control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die primäre Muskelspindel-Afferenz zeigt bei Rampendehnung des extrafusalen Muskels eine statische, eine dynamische und eine Beschleunigungs-Antwort, die sich einer vorhandenen Spontanaktivität aufsetzen. Da gegen die bisher üblichen Verfahren zur Bestimmung dieser Größen Einwände zu erheben sind, werden hierfür revidierte Auswertkriterien angegeben. 2. Nach diesen Kriterien werden die von anderen Autoren — insbesondere der Matthewsschen Gruppe — bereits beschriebenen Empfindlichkeitsänderungen der primären Afferenz bei elektrischer Reizung einzelner fusimotorischer Fasern neu analysiert und mit eigenen Beobachtungen verglichen. Die fusimotorischen Fasern werden nach den ihnen zugeschriebenen Endigungstypen als γ-trail- bzw. γ-plate-Fasern unterschieden. 3. Bei γ tr-Reizung vergrößern sich die Beschleunigungs-, die dynamische und die statische Antwort; die Dehnungsempfindlichkeit des Receptors nimmt also generell zu. Die Spontanaktivität steigt geringfügig an. 4. Bei γ p1-Reizung verkleinern sich alle drei Antworten; die Dehnungsempfindlichkeit nimmt also generell ab. Die Spontanaktivität nimmt dagegen stark zu. 5. Bei gleichzeitiger Reizung beider γ-Efferenzen läßt sich befriedigend zeigen, daß sich die Effekte der einzelnen Reizungen an der primären Endigung quantitativ addieren. 6. Aus den Änderungen der Entladungsmuster unter natürlich in vivo erhöhter γ-Innervation läßt sich qualitativ feststellen, welche der fusimotorischen Komponenten beteiligt war. In den weitaus meisten Versuchen ergibt sich eine gleichzeitige Innervationssteigerung der γ tr- und der γ p1-Efferenzen. 7. Es wird ein anatomisches Modell entworfen, das die Wirkungen der verschiedenen γ-Reizungen auf die Änderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften des äquatorialen Teils der Muskelspindel zurückführt. Entscheidend sind dabei die unterschiedlichen Lokalisationen und Erregungswirkungen der trail- und plate-Endigungen an den intrafusalen Fasern. Dagegen kommt den Strukturunterschieden der NB- und NC-Fasern keine qualitative, sondern höchstens quantitative Bedeutung zu. 8. Die bisherigen Bezeichnungen „dynamische” und „statische” γ-Fasern werden den tatsächlich bewirkten Empfindlichkeitsänderungen an der primären Spindel-Afferenz nicht gerecht und müssen durch andere Funktionsbezeichnungen ersetzt werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. The present methods of measuring the sensitivity components of a primary muscle spindle ending during ramp stretch of its muscle are criticized. Since its static, dynamic, and acceleration responses are superimposed upon any existing spontaneous activity, this must be subtracted before the response values are estimated. 2. Using the revised criteria, the response changes induced by electrical stimulation of individual fusimotor fibres — as already published by Matthews and other previous workers — are reanalyzed and compared with own observations. The terms “dynamic” and “static” fusimotor fibres, which do not correctly describe their real functions, are provisionally substituted by “γ-trail”- and “γ-plate”-fibres, respectively. 3. During γ tr-stimulation, the acceleration response and the dynamic and static responses are enhanced: general increase of the stretch sensitivity. The spontaneous activity is only slightly increased. 4. During γ p1-stimulation, all three responses are reduced: general decrease of the stretch sensitivity. However, the spontaneous activity is strongly increased. 5. The result of simultaneous stimulation of both γ-efferents is shown to be the algebraic sum of the individual stimulation effects. 6. The fusimotor components involved in naturally occurring states of γ-excitation can be qualitatively recognized in the changes of the spindle's discharge patterns. In most cases, a simultaneous activation of both γ tr-and γ p1-efferents is found. 7. An anatomical model is described which relates the two types of γ-stimulation effects to distinct changes of the mechanical properties of the spindle's equatorial regions. These are determined by the different localizations and excitatory actions of the trail and plate endings, occurring similarly at both NB- and NC-intrafusal fibres.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 20 (1964), S. 554-555 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Curareperfusion der Hirnventrikel setzt die dynamische Empfindlichkeit primärer Muskelspindelendigungen herab, wahrscheinlich durch bevorzugte Aktivierung derγ 2-Fusimotoneurone. Dies begünstigt Oscillationen im proprioceptiven Regelkreis, worin eine mögliche Ursache des induzierten Tremors zu suchen ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 234 (1958), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An einzelnen Muskelspindeln aus dem M. gastrocnemius des Frosches wurden die Wirkungen von d-Tubocurarin und Flaxedil auf die sensorischen und neuromuskulären Anteile des Receptors (sensible Endorgane und Intrafusalmuskulatur) elektrophysiologisch geprüft. 1. Beiden Substanzen fehlen bei intravenöser und peripherer Applikation spezifische Direktwirkungen auf die sensiblen Endorgane der Spindeln. Curare setzt bei hoher und langdauernder Dosierung erst im Spätstadium die Dehnungsempfindlichkeit und Spontanaktivität des Receptors fortschreitend herab. 2. Nach Curare erfolgt die Endplatten-Lähmung der intrafusalen Spindelmuskulatur nur mäßig, nach Flaxedil außerordentlich stark verzögert gegenüber derjenigen der extrafusalen Skeletmuskulatur. Bei Flaxedil-Dosen, die zu rascher extrafusaler Lähmung führen, kann die efferente Aktivierbarkeit der Spindeln über Stunden erhalten bleiben. 3. Vor der endgültigen intrafusalen Lähmung durch Flaxedil erscheinen häufig unregelmäßig verstreute Steigerungen der afferenten Spindel-Entladungen, repetierte Salven-Antworten auf efferente Einzelreize und bisweilen sich aufschaukelnde, längere Dauerentladungen des Receptors. Die Effekte werden auf eine schwache präparalytische Erregbarkeitssteigerung der intrafusalen Endplatten zurückgeführt, durch die rhythmische oder tonische Kontraktionen der Spindel-Binnenmuskulatur ausgelöst werden. Bei erhaltener Afferenz und Efferenz ist die Mitwirkung unspezifischer zentraler Faktoren wahrscheinlich. 4. Curare läßt keine Zeichen einer präparalytischen Erregungsphase der Intrafusalmuskulatur erkennen und Unterbindet entsprechende Effekte nachfolgender Flaxedil-Gaben.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 243 (1962), S. 407-419 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In pentobarbital-anesthetized cats, the discharge patterns of individual hindlimb muscle spindles (of M. triceps surae) were studied after i.v. administration of succinylbischoline (SCh; 0.25–0.5 mg/kg) and of the bischoline ether of hydrochinone (“M 110”, Oesterreichische Stickstoffwerke, Linz; 2–5 mg/kg), respectively. 2. Both depolarizing substances were found to exert principally similar excitatory effects on the muscle spindles, differing only in the degree and the duration of their action, and in the doses needed. After M 110, the steady increase in afferent spindle discharges did not reach the peak frequencies observed after SCh, but lasted for more than 60 min, as compared to about 10 min after SCh. 3. Comparable differences existed in the time courses of neuromuscular blockade of the extrafusal muscle fibres. However, in contrast to SCh, M 110 was frequently found to induce incomplete abolition of intrafusal neuromuscular transmission. No signs of intrafusal twitches or fibrillations were observed in the spindle behavior. The stretch sensitivity of the receptor endings remained intact after both SCh and M 110. 4. With both substances, the monosynaptic mass reflex (MMR), recorded from the central stump of an appropriate ventral root, was abolished or depressed consequent to the high-frequency spindle discharges. Only with M 110, this depression was preceded by an initial phase of reflex enhancement; the subsequent reflex depression was less marked and of longer duration than that following SCh. 5. The prolonged spindle-exciting and reflex-depressing effects of M 110 beside its general muscle-relaxing action, might be useful for clinical therapeutical purposes.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 75 (1988), S. 67-76 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 262 (1969), S. 337-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Imipramine ; Recurrent Inhibition ; Presynaptic Inhibition ; Antidepressive Action ; Imipramin ; rekurrente Hemmung ; präsynaptische Hemmung ; antidepressive Wirkung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Wirkungen des Antidepressivums Imipramin (Tofranil®) auf die spinalmotorischen Systeme decerebrierter oder schwach narkotisierter Katzen wurden analysiert; das Hauptaugenmerk wurde auf den niedrigen Dosisbereich (0,5–1 mg/kg i.v.) gerichtet. 2. Die Schwelle monosynaptischer Massenreflexe der Lumbalsegmente wurde nach Gabe dieser Dosen erhöht. Submaximale und maximale monosynaptische Reflexe wurden wechselnd beeinflußt, polysynaptische Reflexe wurden meistens leicht gesteigert. Bei höheren Imipramin-Dosen (ab 2 mg/kg) traten reflexmindernde Effekte hervor; hierbei verhielten sich die monosynaptischen Reflexe der Extensoren deutlich stabiler als die mono- und polysynaptischen Flexorreflexe. 3. Tonisch entladende Alpha-Motoneurone — vorherrschend Extensor-Motoneurone — zeigten nach niedriger Imipramin-Dosis starke und anhaltende Steigerungen der Entladungsfrequenz; phasische Alpha-Motoneurone — insbesondere Flexor-Motoneurone — wurden nur flüchtig gefördert, ohne ihren Entladungstyp wesentlich zu ändern. Bei Dosissteigerung stellten letztere ihre Antworten ein, wenn die Extensor-Einheiten noch verstärkt oder normal feuerten. 4. Die spontane Gamma-Aktivität nahm häufiger ab als zu; die fusiomotorische Aktivierbarkeit durch periphere und supraspinale Reize blieb jedoch weitgehend erhalten, solange die Dosis niedrig war. 5. Zwei spezielle spinale Hemmungsmechanismen, nämlich die rekurrente Renshaw-Hemmung und die präsynaptische Hemmung, wurden regelmäßig stark reduziert; die anderen geprüften Hemmungstypen blieben dagegen praktisch unbeeinflußt. Da die betroffenen Hemmungssysteme normalerweise auf Extensoren stärker als auf Flexoren wirken, bildete sich eine vorherrschende Extensorenbefreiung aus. 6. Es wird vermutet, daß die Aktivitätssteigerung zugunsten der von Extensoren getragenen Haltungsmotorik eine wesentliche Grundlage für den antidepressiven Wirkungsmechanismus von Imipramin und ähnlichen Pharmaka bildet.
    Notes: Summary 1. The effects of the antidepressive agent Imipramine (Tofranil®) upon the spinal motor systems of decerebrate or lightly anaesthetized cats were analyzed, with particular reference to the effects of low doses (0.5–1 mg/kg i.v.). 2. After such doses, the threshold of monosynaptic mass reflexes of lumbar segments was increased; submaximal or maximal monosynaptic reflexes were irregularly influenced and polysynaptic reflexes were usually slightly enhanced. With higher doses of Imipramine (2 mg/kg), reflex-antagonizing effects began to appear. The monosynaptic extensor reflexes proved to be more resistant than the mono-and polysynaptic flexor reflexes. 3. Tonically discharging alpha motoneurones—mainly extensor motoneurones—showed strong and longlasting increases of their discharge frequencies after low doses of Imipramine. Phasic alpha motoneurones—particularly flexor motoneurones—were only facilitated for a short time but did not significantly change their discharge type. With higher doses, the flexor units ceased firing while the extensor units still exhibited increased or normal firing. 4. The spontaneous gamma neurone activities were more often reduced than enhanced. However, fusimotor responses to peripheral or supraspinal stimuli remained almost uninfluenced as long as low doses were used. 5. There was a regular and strong reduction of two specific spinal inhibitory mechanisms, namely, recurrent Renshaw inhibition and presynaptic inhibition. In contrast, the other types of spinal inhibition tested were practically not affected. Since the affected systems are normally inhibiting the extensors more strongly than the flexors, the net result was a predominant extensor release. 6. It is supposed that the enhanced activity favouring the postural extensor motricity might be an important basis for the antidepressive action of Imipramine and related substances.
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