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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 105 (1995), S. 304-311 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Isometric force ; Lateralization ; Bimanual ; Finger flexion ; Visual feedback ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the ability to match the voluntary isometric finger flexion forces of the dominant and nondominant hand in humans, as well as the influence of unilateral visual feedback during this task. Right-and left-handed subjects were trained to produce a “low” force level (50±25 g) and a “high” force level (200±50 g) with the right and left index finger, separately. Following the training session, subjects were instructed to match the isometric forces of both fingers simultaneously within the required range (either low or high) so that they were perceived to be identical. The results showed an asymmetry, whereby greater forces were exerted with the index finger of the dominant hand. The asymmetry was independent of the subjects' maximum finger flexion strength. When unilateral visual feedback represented the force output of the dominant hand, the asymmetry was no longer present. In contrast, when it represented the force output of the nondominant hand, the asymmetry was not compensated. We hypothesize that these findings are the result of anatomical or physiological asymmetries inherent in the motor system controlling the production of force.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 113 (1997), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Isometric finger force ; Sensorimotor integration ; Vibration ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of afferent feedback on isometric fine force resolution was studied in humans. Subjects performed the smallest possible isometric flexion force increments with the index finger while visual, cutaneous, and muscle spindle feedback conditions were varied. In the control conditions with visual feedback, isometric force resolution was finest and independent of cutaneous or muscle spindle feedback. In the absence of visual cues, force resolution was significantly coarser. When agonist muscle spindles were vibrated (100 Hz and 150 Hz), fine force resolution capabilities declined further. Diminution of cutaneous feedback per se did not affect fine force resolution. However, the effect of agonist vibration was attenuated when full cutaneous feedback was available. We conclude that in voluntary isometric contractions the degree of fine force resolution depends on the type of afferent feedback available for calibrating central motor commands. Visual feedback is more powerful than spindle feedback, which is more efficient than cutaneous feedback. The extent to which the central motor command itself contributes to the sensation of force is indirectly implied by reproducible, yet coarser force resolution levels when peripheral information is minimized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 105 (1995), S. 312-317 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Isometric finger force ; Sensorimotor integration ; Tactile afferent ; Force perception ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ability to match the voluntary isometric force output of the right and left index fingers when the contact surfaces differ in shape was examined. Before the experiment, subjects were trained to produce both a “low” force level (50±25 g) and a “high” force level (200±50 g) with the right and left index finger, separately. Following the training session, subjects were instructed to match the forces of both fingers simultaneously within the required range (either low or high) so that the forces were perceived to be identical. One of the index fingers pushed against a conical contact pad, while the other pushed against a flat contact pad. Midway through the experiment, the two contact pads were reversed. Subjects consistently produced less force with the finger pressing against the conical pad. This asymmetry could already be seen during the beginning of the ramp increase in force and continued throughout the trial, independent of the target force levels (low or high). These findings suggest tactile afferent information at the fingertip is important for determining the voluntary force exerted by the finger. It must be properly integrated with other peripheral information as well as with the central motor command, otherwise the perception of force is distorted. Furthermore, the perception of the force produced seemingly is dependent on the extent to which the skin of the fingertip is indented rather than the local pressure exerted at the skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Human communication research 30 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: We examined need for cognition, social desirability, and communication apprehension for their influence on the mention and repetition of shared and unshared information in 8-person decision-making groups. Both need for cognition and social desirability influenced the discussion of shared and unshared information in decision-making groups. The findings indicate that increasing motivation to participate in group discussions may not help overcome the bias favoring shared over unshared information. Additionally, there are indications that social desirability increases the repetition of shared information. This finding is consistent with the idea of mutual enhancement (i.e., the idea that group members discuss shared information because it enhances their position with other group members).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Linkage ; HLA ; MODY ; genetics of diabetes ; heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies with 20 different genetic marker systems were performed in a large kindred including 18 members affected with maturity onset type of diabetes of young people. Linkage closer than 0.1⩽θ could be excluded for ABO and Gm, and linkage closer than 0.05⩽θ for HLA GLO, and haptoglobin. No significant positive lod scores were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Echocardiography ; left ventricular function ; Type 1 diabetes ; metabolic control ; diabetic cardiopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cardiac function was investigated by echocardiography in 24 short-term Type 1 diabetic patients with a mean diabetes duration of 7 years (range 4–14 years) during conditions of ordinary metabolic control. Compared to 24 age and sex matched normal control subjects, measurements of myocardial contractility as left ventricular fractional shortening and mean circumferential shortening velocity were increased by 12% and 20% respectively. Another 8 Type 1 diabetic patients were examined during conditions of poor (hyperglycaemia and ketosis) and good metabolic control. Following improved glycaemic control, left ventricular fractional shortening and mean circumferential shortening velocity decreased by 16% and 24% respectively. Our findings show that short-term Type 1 diabetes is associated with increased myocardial contractility. Furthermore, this condition is related to the state of metabolic control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 130 (1970), S. 101-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Development of the heart ; Cardiac vessels ; Growing capillaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 56 Rattenembryonen wurde die Entwicklung der Herzmuskelcapillaren ab 11. Embryonaltag (ET) elektronenmikroskopisch studiert. — In der Zeit vom 11. bis 13. ET ist die Wand des linken Ventrikels durch die Ausbildung zahlreicher intertrabeculärer Buchten (Sinusoide) charakterisiert, die von einer sehr zarten Endothelzellage (Endokard) ausgekleidet sind. Eine Basalmembran fehlt. — Im Endokard fallen zahlreiche eng umschriebene dünne Stellen auf, die als “endokardiale Membranen” bezeichnet werden. Sie entstehen durch extreme Annäherung von innerem und äußerem Plasmalemm, wobei jedoch stets eine schmale, Cytoplasmaschicht — oft mit einer zentralen Verdickung —erhalten bleibt. — Zwischen Endokard, und dem von weiten Spalten durchzogenen Myokard befindet sich der elektronenoptisch nahezu leere Sulzraum, der ab 14. ET kleiner wird. —Durch Öffnungen im Endokard bestehen direkte Verbindungen zwischen Blutbahn, Sulzraum und Intercellularräumen des Myokards. Die Lücken im Endokard liegen intercellulär, sind unregelmäßig verteilt und nehmen bis zum 16. ET an, Zahl zu. — Ab 14. ET dringt das Endokard der Sinusoide mit trichterförmigen Ausbuchtungen in die myokardialen Spalträume, vor. Die so entstehenden embryonalen Herzcapillaren besitzen sofort ein Lumen und sind an der Spitze offen. Außerdem kommen im Endothel der embryonalen Capillaren zahlreiche Lücken vor, die einen Saftstrom aus der Blutbahn in die noch nicht von Endothel ausgekleideten myokardialen Spalträume ermöglichen. — Ab 17. ET, schreitet die Ausreifung der Herzcapillaren rasch voran; es bildet sich eine Basalmembran aus und die Pinocytose nimmt zu.
    Notes: Summary In 56 rat embryos the development of heart capillaries was investigated by means of electron microscopy. From the 11th to the 13th day of embryonic life the wall of the left ventricle is characterized by the development of large intertrabecular sinuses (sinusoids) lined by a very thin endothelium. A basement membrane is not present. Extremely thin and specialized areas of the endothelium (endocardium) are called “endocardial membranes”. They consist of the inner and outer plasmalemm separated by a very thin layer of cytoplasm which often exhibits a central thickening. The myocardial cells are often separated by wide clear spaces which are in continuity with the subendocardial space containing the cardiac jelly. There is nearly no electron dense material present in these spaces. From the 14th day onwards the subendocardial space narrows. Furthermore, intercellular gaps irregularly distributed, are found in the endocardium. They increase in number up to the 16th day of embryonic life and represent direct communications between the vascular bed (left ventricle), the cardiac jelly, and intercellular spaces of the myocardium. At the 14th day of embryonic development the endocardium sends funnel-like protrusions into the intercellular spaces of the, myocardium which develop into capillaries. These capillaries have open tips and possess irregular gaps between their endothelial cells thus permitting a transport of substances from the vascular bed to intercellular spaces not yet reached by the capillaries. From the 17th, embryonic day onwards the maturation of the heart capillaries proceeds rapidly, a basement membrane is formed and pinocytotic processes increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 47 (1969), S. 1049-1051 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Diarrhoea is known as side-effect of treatment with α-methyl-dopa. It was the aim of the present study to find out its cause. Following the injection of α-methyl-dopa (400 mg/kg i.m.) the brushborder of the proximal part of the rat small intestine shows a strong yellowish-green fluorescence due to an accumulation of this substance or its metabolites. From these findings a disturbed absorption is suggested as one cause of diarrhoea. Furthermore an increase in the number of enterochromaffine cells is observed that points to an interference of α-methyl-dopa with serotonin-metabolism. This and the reduced inhibitory function of the adrenergic nerve fibers due to the production of the false and less potent transmitter α-methyl-noradrenalin leading to an increase in the peristalsis is regarded as another cause of diarrhoea following the treatment with α-methyl-dopa. Moreover it could be shown that α-methyl-dopa or its metabolites are not only eliminated by the kidney and the liver but also by the crypt cells of the proximal part of the small intestine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als Nebenwirkung der Therapie mit α-Methyl-Dopa wurden Diarrhoen beschrieben. Zur Klärung ihrer Genese untersuchten wir den oberen Dünndarm der Ratte fluorescenzhistochemisch. α-Methyl-Dopa zeigt eine auffallende Affinität zum Bürstensaum der Zotten. Eine dadurch bedingte Resorptionsstörung betrachten wir als Teilursache der Diarrhoen. Da nach Gabe vonα-Methyl-Dopa (400 mg/kg i.m.) vermehrt enterochromaffine Zellen sichtbar werden, erfolgt offenbar auch eine Beeinflussung des Serotoninstoffwechsels. Dadurch sowie infolge einer verminderten Hemmwirkung des Sympathicus durch Abgabe des schwächer wirksamen Transmitters α-Methyl-Noradrenalin wird eine Beschleunigung der Peristaltik als weitere Teilursache der Diarrhoen nach Gabe von α-Methyl-Dopa wahrscheinlich. α-Methyl-Dopa oder seine Metaboliten werden auch enteral über die Epithelzellen der Dünndarmkrypten ausgeschieden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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