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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sugar Recovery, Recovery of Sugars from Pear-Canning Waste (1954)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2 (1954), S. 30-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf60021a006
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Precision Actinometry at Low Light Intensities with Malachite Green Leucocyanide (1952)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 74 (1952), S. 2101-2103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01128a505
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin and course of crossed medullary pathways to spinal sympathetic neurons in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 515-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Medulla ; Spinal cord ; Vasomotor centre ; Cardiovascular control ; Crossed autonomic pathways
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In 12 chloralosed vagotomized cats medullary structures projecting to contralateral spinal sympathetic neurons were identified by activating fibre terminals in the intermediolateral nucleus (ILN) at functionally and histologically identified cardioacceleratory sites at the T2 level and exploring the contralateral medulla for antidromically evoked field potentials. 2. Evoked field potentials were recorded at 20 sites in 130 penetrations in the left medulla and at 14 sites in 70 penetrations in the right medulla; responses were recorded mainly from sites in the nucleus gigantocellularis, the nucleus paramedium reticularis and the nucleus lateralis reticularis. 3. In an additional 20 cats the pathways of crossed fibres from these nuclei to the ILN were identified by observing the effects on the evoked field potentials of surgical and electrolytic lesions in the medulla and spinal cord. Evoked potentials from the left nucleus gigantocellularis were abolished by a midline section in the caudal medulla, or by right medullary hemisection (5 mm caudal to the obex), or by transection of the right ventral funiculus (C6–C7). Potentials from the left nucleus paramedium reticularis were abolished by right medullary hemisection (5 mm caudal to the obex) or by transection of the right ventral funiculus (C5–C7). Potentials from the left nucleus lateralis reticularis were abolished by left spinal hemisection 2–3 mm rostral to the level of the stimulating electrode or by transection of either the left dorsolateral or the left ventral funiculus (C5–C7). 4. It is concluded that: a) spinal sympathetic neurons receive inputs from discrete nuclei in the contralateral medulla; b) autonomic fibres from the nucleus gigantocellularis and the nucleus paramedium reticularis to the contralateral ILN cross the midline in the caudal medulla and descend in the contralateral ventral funiculus; c) fibres from the nucleus lateralis reticularis descend in the ipsilateral dorsolateral and ventral funiculi and cross the midline in the spinal cord close to their level of termination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238017
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitatory and inhibitory inputs from medullary nuclei projecting to spinal cardioacceleratory neurons in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 485-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Descending medullo-spinal pathways ; Cardiovascular control ; Medulla ; Spinal cord ; Vasomotor centre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In chloralosed vagotomized cats medullary structures projecting to spinal (T2) sympathetic neurons were identified by activating fibre terminals in the intermediolateral nucleus (ILN) at functionally and histologically identified cardioacceleratory sites and exploring the ipsilateral medulla for evoked field and single unit potentials. 2. In 23 cats evoked field potentials with a mean latency of 1.5 msec were recorded at 264 sites in 216 penetrations in the right medulla and at 101 sites in 81 penetrations in the left medulla. These potentials followed stimulation at 300 Hz and persisted after asphyxia and administration of sodium pentobarbital. 3. In 7 cats single unit activity was recorded from 39 units which followed the stimulus at a constant short latency of activation (mean 1.7 msec), exhibited cancellation of antidromic with orthodromic spikes and fractionation at high frequencies, and responded to paired stimuli delivered at short intervals (mean minimum interval 1.27 msec, range 0.58–2.3 msec). 4. Stimulation of 79 sites at which evoked field potentials were recorded in the right medulla elicited cardioacceleration mainly from N. lateralis reticularis and N. parvocellularis, and cardiac slowing mainly from N. paramedium reticularis, raphe NN. and N. medullae oblongatae centralis subnucleus ventralis; stimulation of 101 sites in the left medulla changed heart rate at only 3 sites. 5. It is concluded that: a) medullary inputs to spinal sympathetic neurons arise from discrete nuclei; b) structures from which cardioacceleration and cardiac slowing were elicited provide excitatory and inhibitory inputs, respectively, to spinal cardioacceleratory neurons; c) the efferent limb of reflexes controlling heart rate appears to be localized mainly on the right side of the medulla; d) the vasomotor centre provides multiple excitatory and inhibitory inputs from specific reticular nuclei to the ILN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238015
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathways from medullary nuclei to spinal cardioacceleratory neurons in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 505-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Medulla ; Spinal cord ; Cardiovascular control ; Vasomotor centre ; Central autonomic pathways
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In 15 chloralosed vagotomized cats medullary sites of origin of descending autonomic fibres projecting to spinal sympathetic neurons were identified by activating fibre terminals in the intermediolateral nucleus (ILN) at histologically and functionally identified cardioacceleratory sites on the right side of spinal segment T2 and exploring the ipsilateral medulla for antidromically evoked field potentials. The cardiovascular function of positive sites of recording was then determined by observing the effects on heart rate and arterial pressure of electrical stimulation of these sites. Finally, precise localization of spinal pathways of descending fibres from these sites was determined by observing the effects on the medullary field potentials of restricted, histologically identified surgical or electrolytic lesions in spinal segments C5–C7. 2. Evoked field potentials recorded at 10 medullary sites from which electrical stimulation elicited cardiac slowing were eliminated by selective lesion of either the ventral (8 animals) or the dorsolateral funiculus (2 animals). Evoked field potentials at five medullary sites from which stimulation elicited cardioacceleration were eliminated by lesion of the dorsolateral funiculus. 3. Transection of the right dorsolateral funiculus in eight animals caused a decrease in heart rate and in arterial pressure; transection of the right ventral funiculus in 12 animals caused no change in heart rate or arterial pressure. 4. It is concluded that: a) inhibitory fibres from medullary nuclei to ipsilateral spinal Cardioacceleratory neurons descend in the dorsolateral and ventral funiculi of the cervical spinal cord; b) excitatory fibres descend in the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus; c) excitatory, but not inhibitory, medullary fibres projecting to cardioacceleratory and vasoconstrictor neurons in the ILN are tonically active in the chloralosed cat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238016
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implication of a Nitric Oxide Synthase Mechanism in the Action of Substance P: L-NAME Blocks Thermal Hyperalgesia Induced by Endogenous and Exogenous Substance P in the Rat (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 7 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of i.p. administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) and its inactive isomer, D-NAME, were tested in two nociceptive paradigms in the rat. In the first paradigm, rats were lightly anaesthetized with a mixture of chloral hydrate (120 mg/kg, i.p.) and sodium pentobarbital (20 mg/ kg, i.p.). Tail flick reaction times were monitored and thermal hyperalgesia was induced by immersion of the tail in hot water at 55°C for 1.5 min. In the groups of rats pretreated with saline (n= 5), 100 mg/kg D-NAME (n= 6), 10 (n= 5) or 25 (n= 6) mg/kg L-NAME, this thermal injury induced a transient reduction in the reaction time that was 54–59% of the baseline value. However, in the groups of rats pretreated with 50 (n= 6) or 100 (n= 7) mg/kg L-NAME the reaction times were 73.9 ± 2.7% (P 〈 0.05) and 102.3 ± 0.9% (P 〈 0.001) of the baseline values respectively, indicating a block of the hyperalgesic responses seen in the other groups. As this hyperalgesia has been reported to be blocked by NK-1 receptor antagonists, it is suggested that it is due to the action of endogenous substance P. In the second paradigm, tail flick responses were monitored in the awake rat and thermal hyperalgesia was induced by intrathecal administration of substance P (6.5 nmol) via a chronically implanted catheter. In the group of rats pretreated with saline (n= 5) or D-NAME (n= 5; 100 mg/kg), substance P reduced the reaction time to 39.1 ± 9.9 and 45.5 ± 2.1% of the baseline value respectively. However, in the rats pretreated with L-NAME (n= 6; 100 mg/kg), the reaction time following substance P administration was 108.8 ± 8.8% of the baseline value (P 〈 0.001), indicating a block of the hyperalgesic response induced by substance P. These data indicate that thermal hyperalgesia induced by endogenously released or exogenously administered substance P, are blocked by L-NAME but not by its enantiomer, D-NAME. Therefore an involvement of a nitric oxide synthase mechanism in the hyperalgesic responses to substance P is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00714.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophysiological Evidence That Neurokinin A Acts Via NK-1 Receptors in the Cat Dorsal Horn (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the non-peptide NK-2 receptor antagonist, SR 48968 on the responses of dorsal horn neurons to iontophoretic application of the endogenous NK-2 receptor ligand, neurokinin A, and on synaptically elicited responses in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. The effect of iontophoretic application of neurokinin A was tested on 51 dorsal horn neurons. Of these, 43 were wide dynamic range and the rest non-nociceptive neurons. Neurokinin A induced a slow, prolonged excitation of 25 of the wide dynamic range neurons. All remaining neurons were unaffected. SR 48968 (50 pg to 1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) did not affect the on-going basal activity (n= 8) or the slow excitation induced by neurokinin A in any of the nine wide dynamic range neurons tested. To eliminate the possibility that systemically administered SR 48968 may not be reaching central sites, SR 48968 was also applied iontophoretically (70–120 nA) to five neurons and tested against excitatory responses to iontophoretically applied neurokinin A. The on-going activity of these cells were unaffected by SR 48968. The responses to neurokinin A were also unaffected suggesting that neurokinin A did not mediate its effects via NK-2 receptors. SR 48968 also had no effect on the excitatory responses of seven neurons to iontophoretic application of the NK-1 receptor agonist, substance P indicating that substance P actions are not mediated via NK-2 receptors and that SR 48968 did not react with NK-1 receptors. Responses of the neurons to non-noxious (hair) stimulation (n = 10), noxious mechanical (n= 5) and noxious thermal (n= 8) stimulation of the receptive field were also unaffected by SR 48968, suggesting a lack of participation of NK-2 receptors in these responses. However, responses of wide dynamic range neurons to neurokinin A were totally blocked by i.v. administration (0.5 mg/kg) of the NK-1 receptor antagonists CP-96,345 (n= 7) and CP-99,994 (n= 5) but not by CP-96,344 (n= 4), the inactive enantiomer of CP-96,345. These data suggest that neurokinin A, like substance P may be acting via NK-1, rather than NK-2 receptors, to produce excitation of wide dynamic range neurons in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb00765.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular mechanisms of hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain in a spinalized rat model of peripheral neuropathy: changes in myelinated afferent inputs implicated (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Various hypotheses have been proposed to account for the mechanical hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain seen in animal models of peripheral neuropathy. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there exists a spinal neuronal correlate to these properties. An experimental neuropathy was induced in male Sprague–Dawley rats by placing a 2-mm PE-90 polyethylene cuff around the sciatic nerve. All rats were subsequently confirmed to exhibit mechanical allodynia in the von Frey test. After induction of anaesthesia with pentobarbital and acute spinalization at T9, electrophysiological experiments were performed, recording extracellular single unit activity from ipsi- and contralateral wide dynamic range dorsal horn neurons in spinal segments L1−4. On-going activity was greater in short-term (11–22 days after cuff implantation) and long-term (42–52 days) cuff-implanted rats; 38 spikes/s in short-term versus 19 spikes/s in controls; 29 spikes/s in long-term ipsi- and contralateral neurons. Receptive fields in controls were always restricted, but in almost all cuff-implanted rats extended over the whole hind paw. Responses to noxious mechanical (pinch) and noxious heat stimulation of the cutaneous receptive field in controls consisted of the typical fast initial discharge followed by an afterdischarge. In all neurons from cuff-implanted rats the initial discharge resembled that in controls. However, the afterdischarge, particularly that in response to noxious pinch, was markedly greater in both magnitude and duration. It is suggested that the greater on-going discharge is the cellular correlate of spontaneous pain, and the potentiation of the afterdischarge in response to noxious stimulation is the correlate of hyperalgesia. Given that acutely spinalized rats were tested, only peripheral and/or spinal mechanisms can be considered to explain these data. Considering all the data, it can be concluded that there is a greater change in fibres mediating noxious mechanical than noxious thermal inputs. Among different hypotheses, the one with which the present data are most compatible is that which proposes that chronic nerve injury or inflammation induces phenotypic changes predominantly in myelinated afferents. There may be a redistribution of membrane-bound ion channels, predominantly sodium channels, which leads to ectopic activity and thus spontaneous discharge of dorsal horn neurons. With regard to mechanical stimulation-evoked synaptic input, the central terminals of myelinated afferents expand into regions of the spinal cord which normally receive their predominant input from unmyelinated nociceptive afferents. This may be coupled with a change in these myelinated afferents so that they now synthesize and release peptides, primarily substance P, from their central terminals with the result that the effects of their chemical mediators of synaptic transmission add to the effects of nociceptive inputs leading to exaggerated responses to painful stimuli, thus the basis of clinical hyperalgesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00087.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peptization and Precipitation of Nitrogenous Constituents of Dry Peas (1948)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 40 (1948), S. 458-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50459a022
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatio-temporal processing in multiple sclerosis (1984)
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 56 (1984), S. 243-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: multiple sclerosis ; spatio-temporal processing ; contrast sensitivity ; temporal integration ; evoked potentials ; visual masking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The processing of spatial and temporal detail was investigated in patients with multiple sclerosis. Normal observers and 13 patients with optic neuritis secondary to multiple sclerosis performed a battery of visual tests that included contrast sensitivity, temporal integration, evoked potentials, and visual masking. The multiple sclerosis patients exhibited losses of pattern processing, and these deficits became more noticeable when the patterns were presented briefly. Moreover, these patients exhibited diverse response patterns for the different visual tests. For some, temporal integration functions appeared severely attenuated, while evoked potential latency was within normal limits. Others displayed poor performance in the visual masking test, yet contrast sensitivity functions were comparable to those of the control group. We suggest that a battery of tests that incorporates spatial as well as temporal stimuli is necessary for the detection of visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00159076
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