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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 89 (2000), S. 186-193 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Arrhythmias – catheter ablation – complications ; Schlüsselwörter Herzrhythmusstörungen – Katheterablation – Komplikationen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hochfrequenzstrom-Katheterablation hat sich als kuratives Behandlungsverfahren bei vielen Formen supraventrikulärer und atrioventrikulärer Tachykardien sowie einigen Formen ventrikulärer Tachykardien als Therapie der ersten Wahl etabliert. Die Erfolgsquoten der Ablationsbehandlung sind bei vielen Formen von Tachykardien beeindruckend hoch. Hinsichtlich der Häufigkeit und dem Schweregrad verfahrensbedingter Komplikationen bestehen neben den allgemeinen, durch die invasive Kathetertechnik bedingten Risiken (z.B. Blutungs- und Gefäßkomplikationen, Röntgenstrahlenexposition) auch spezielle, an die Form der zu behandelnden Rhythmusstörungen gebundene Risiken (z.B. AV-Blockierungen bei Modulation des AV-Knotens). Für die mittels Katheterablation behandelten Patienten kann ein durch die Röntgenstrahlenexposition bedingtes geringgradig, aber meßbar erhöhtes Risiko hinsichtlich dem späteren Auftreten einer malignen Erkrankung oder hereditärer Schädigungen berechnet werden. Das Risiko der malignen Erkrankung liegt bei etwa 1‰ pro Stunde Röntgenstrahlenexposition, das Risiko hereditärer Schädigungen bei etwa 10 pro 1.000.000 Geburten pro Stunde Röntgenstrahlenexposition. Für den behandelnden Arzt sind bei Einsatz der etablierten Schutzvorrichtungen keine wesentlichen Risiken zu erwarten. Die Komplikationshäufigkeit der Katheterablation supraventrikulärer und atrioventrikulärer Tachykardien liegt unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse größerer Einzelstudien sowie multizentrischer Untersuchungen bei etwa 3–5%. Mit dem Auftreten schwerwiegender Komplikationen muß in etwa 1–2% der Fälle gerechnet werden. Bei der Behandlung von Patienten mit Kammertachykardien besteht ein größeres Komplikationspotential von etwa 5–7%, schwerwiegende Komplikationen treten bei etwa 3–4% dieser Patienten auf. Das im Vergleich zu den supraventrikulären Tachykardien erhöhte Komplikationsrisiko ist wahrscheinlich auf die Tatsache zurückzuführen, daß bei Patienten mit Kammertachykardien in der Regel eine schwere kardiovaskuläre Erkrankung besteht.
    Notes: Summary Radiofrequency catheter ablation has established itself as a first line therapy for the curative treatment of many patients with spuraventricular or atrioventricular tachycardias and also for selected types of ventricular tachycardia. The success rates of catheter ablation of various types of cardiac arrhythmias are impressively high. Procedure related complications can be attributed to the invasive nature of the technique (e.g., bleeding or other vascular complications, radiation exposure) but may also occur as a specific complication related to the type of intervention performed (e.g., complete AV-block following attempted modification of the AV-node). In patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation procedures, radiation exposure carries a small but measurable risk of malignancy and hereditary disorders. The risk of fatal malignancy has been calculated to be approximately 1‰ per hour of fluoroscopy and the risk of significant hereditary disorders approximately 10 per 1 million live births per hour fluoroscopy time. However, it is important to realize that these risks are age and sex dependent being higher in young and/or female patients. For the physician performing catheter ablation procedures no significant risks related to fluoroscopy exposure may be expected as long as all established tools for protection are used. Based on the results of large single center studies and multicenter investigations, complications during or after radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular or atrioventricular arrhythmias may occur in 4–5% of cases. Severe complications (life threatening or permanently disabling complications) may occur in approximately 1–2% of patients treated. In patients undergoing ablation of ventricular tachycardia, a higher incidence of total procedure related complications between 5–7% and severe complications (3–4%) may be expected. The higher incidence of complications in patients with ventricular tachycardia when compared to catheter ablation of supraventricular or atrioventricular tachycardia may be explained by the fact that many patients with ventricular tachycardia suffer from severe cardiovascular disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 36 (1999), S. 534-540 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Long QT-syndrome ; Torsade de pointes tachycardia ; Schlüsselwörter Langes QT-Syndrom ; Torsade de pointes Tachykardie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten über eine 29-jährige Patientin, bei der aufgrund rezidivierender Synkopen, einer verlängerten QT-Zeit im EKG sowie dokumentierter Torsade de pointes Tachykardie die Diagnose eines langen QT-Syndroms gestellt wurde. Die Differentialdiagnose zwischen angeborenem und erworbenem QT-Syndrom mußte unter Berücksichtigung der Tatsache erfolgen, daß der Erstmanifestation der Erkrankung mit einer Synkope eine Therapie mit Clarithromycin vorausgegangen war. Für Erythromycin, ein weiteres Makrolidantibiotikum, ist eine repolarisationsverlängernde Wirkung mit möglicher Auslösung von Torsade de pointes Tachykardien bekannt. Ein Vor-EKG existierte bei der Patientin nicht. Aufgrund der persistierenden QT-Verlängerung mehr als sechs Monate nach Ende der Clarithromycintherapie und einer QT-Verlängerung bei einem Onkel der Patientin stellten wir die Diagnose eines angeborenen langen QT-Syndroms. Die Patientin wird mit einem β-Blocker behandelt und ist seitdem asymptomatisch. Anhand dieser Kasuistik diskutieren wir das Krankheitsbild des langen QT-Syndroms, seine Differentialdiagnose und die Therapiemöglichkeiten.
    Notes: Summary We report on a 29 year old female patient with recurrent syncope, QT-prolongation as well as documented torsade de pointes tachycardia, who was diagnosed as having a long QT-syndrome. Since the patient was treated with the macrolide antibiotic Clarithromycin shortly before the first syncope and it is known that Erythromycin, a drug of the same group, can lead to QT-prolongation and torsade de pointes tachycardia, the differential diagnosis between the acquired and the congenital form of the long QT-syndrome needed to be established. No prior ECGs existed. Because of persisting QT-prolongation more than six months after discontinuation of Clarithromycin therapy and QT-prolongation of the QT-interval in the patients's uncle's ECG, we diagnosed a congenital form of the long QT-syndrome. The patient is treated with a beta blocker and has been asymptomatic since then. From the case report, we discuss the features of the long QT-syndrome, its differential diagnoses, and treatment options.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 89 (2000), S. 128-135 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Arrhythmias – accessory atrioventricular pathways – radiofrequency catheter ablation – WPW syndrome ; Schlüsselwörter Herzrhythmusstörungen – akzessorische Leitungsbahnen – Hochfrequenzstrom-Katheterablation – WPW-Syndrom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hochfrequenzstrom-Katheterablation hat sich als kuratives Therapieverfahren der ersten Wahl bei symptomatischen Patienten mit akzessorischen atrioventrikulären Leitungsbahnen durchgesetzt. Bei linksgelegenen akzessorischen Leitungsbahnen können retrograd über die Aortenklappe die ventrikuläre Insertion oder auch bei retrograder Passage der Mitralklappe die atriale Insertion der Leitungsbahn abladiert werden, bei rechtsgelegenen und septalen Bahnen wird in der Regel vom rechten Vorhof aus die atriale Insertion abladiert. Atrioventrikuläre akzessorische Bahnen jeglicher Lokalisation können heute mit einer Erfolgsquote von mehr als 90–95% erfolgreich abladiert werden. Schwerwiegende Komplikationen treten bei etwa 2–3% der Patienten auf. Die Rezidivrate im Langzeitverlauf liegt bei etwa 5–10%. Häufig treten Rezidive innerhalb der ersten 3 Monate nach primär erfolgreicher Ablation auf, späte Rezidive sind ausgesprochen selten. Aufgrund der guten Ergebnisse der Hochfrequenzstrom-Katheterablation bei vertretbar geringer Häufigkeit schwerwiegender Komplikationen kann die Ablation allen symptomatischen Patienten mit akzessorischen atrioventrikulären Leitungsbahnen empfohlen werden.
    Notes: Summary Radiofrequency catheter ablation has established as the first line therapy for the curative treatment of patients with accessory pathways. For left-sided accessory pathways, the retrograde approach over the aortic valve is commonly used for ablation of the ventricular insertion. For right-sided and septal accessory pathways, the atrial insertion is usually approached from the right atrium. Atrioventricular accessory pathways irrespective of the exact localization can be successfully ablated in more than 90–95% of all cases. Severe complications associated with the ablation procedure are rare and occur in approximately 2–3% of patients treated. The recurrence rate after successful ablation is approximately 5–10%. Recurrences of accessory pathway conduction occur almost exclusively within the first 3 months following successful ablation whereas late recurrences are rare. Becuase of the favorable efficacy – risk profile, radiofrequency catheter ablation can be recommended as the first line therapy to all symptomatic patients with accessory atrioventricular pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine single photon emission tomography ; Arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease ; Cardiac sympathetic nerve system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease (ARVD) is a disease of unknown origin that primarily affects the right ventricle and is characterized by ventricular tachyarrhythmias which may lead to syncope and even, though rarely, sudden cardiac death. In 25 patients with ARVD, sympathetic innervation of the left ventricle was assessed by iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine single photon emission tomography (1231-MIBG SPET). In addition, thallium-201 SPET was performed. The diagnosis of ARVD was made by an electrophysiological study and right and left heart catheterization including right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. Ischaemic heart disease was excluded by coronary angiography. A group of seven patients without any evidence of heart disease served as a control group. Twenty-two of the 25 patients showed reduced uptake of 123I-MIBG. The abnormal areas were located predominantly in posterior and posteroseptal segments of the heart. No focus of increased 123I-MIBG activity could be demonstrated. No patient had signs of left ventricular involvement on left ventricular angiography. In contrast to the results of the 123I-MIBG SPET, those of 201TI SPET were normal in 16 patients. The remaining nine patients showed areas of slight hypoperfusion not correlated with the reduced 123I-MIBG uptake. 123I-MIBG scintigraphy allows detection of left ventricular adrenergic dysinnervation in ARVD patients without morphological or functional abnormalities of the left ventricle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 11 (2000), S. II63 
    ISSN: 1435-1544
    Keywords: Key words Atrial fibrillation – radiofrequency ablation – catheter ablation – reentry – focal atrial fibrillation – intraoperative ablation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental and clinical mapping studies have indicated that the initiation of atrial fibrillation has to be differentiated from the perpetuation. Curative treatment of atrial fibrillation is one of the main challenges of today's electrophysiology, and the trigger as well as the substrate have recently been targeted. The arrhythmogenic foci which have been identified as being critical for the initiation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation have been found in the vast majority of patients in the area of the proximal pulmonary veins. In a subset of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, these firing foci may be the only electrophysiologic abnormality. In other patients, different atrial arrhythmia types may be driven by pulmonary vein foci. Haissaguerre et al. have introduced mapping strategies to identify active foci within the pulmonary veins. The success rate of percutaneous pulmonary vein focus ablation strongly depends on the number of active foci. In contrast to elimination of the initiating triggers in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, modification of the maintaining substrate of atrial fibrillation is the alternative target for ablation in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or in patients with prolonged episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Different linear lesion line concepts within the right and/or left atrium have been followed within the last few years with moderate success rates. The lesion geometries that have been applied percutaneously so far seem to be empirical, and no successful lesion geometry concept for percutaneous application has been validated. A surgical curative treatment concept for patients with chronic atrial fibrillation is the maze procedure introduced by Cox et.al. which, however, is an extensive and time consuming surgical technique. Within the last few years, several attempts have been made to develop alternative surgical treatment strategies that should be safe, effective, and easy to apply. One of the promising new concepts is the intraoperative radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation by elemination of anatomically determined so-called anchor reentrant circuits involving the pulmonary vein orifices and the mitral annulus. In this review, data on percutaneous ablation of pulmonary vein foci, percutaneous placement of linear right and/or left atrial lesion lines and, finally, intraoperative radiofrequency (RF) ablation using minimally invasive techniques are summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 9 (1998), S. S20 
    ISSN: 1435-1544
    Keywords: Key words Atrial fibrillation ; electrophysiology ; mapping ; Schlüsselwörter Vorhofflimmern ; Elektrophysiologie ; Mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Hintergrund: Die elektrophysiologischen Mechanismen für die Aufrechterhaltung von Vorhofflimmern sind noch in weiten Teilen ungeklärt. Obwohl in experimentellen und klinischen Studien die „multiple-wavelet-Hypothese“ von Moe bestätigt werden konnte, ist z.Z. unklar, welche Gesetzmäßigkeiten und/oder Periodizitäten bei der Aufrechterhaltung von Vorhofflimmern eine Rolle spielen und welche zusätzlichen Mechanismen die Perpetuierung von chronischem Vorhofflimmern begünstigen. Relevante Studien: Bei intraoperativen Studien von Cox et al. konnte ein biatriales Mapping während Vorhofflimmerns komplette Reentry-Kreise im Bereich der freien Wand des rechten Vorhofs nachweien. Linksatriale Reentry-Kreise konnten wegen einer limitierten räumlichen Auflösung nicht registriert werden. In anderen intraoperativen Mappingstudien von Konings et al. wurden Aktivierungssequenzen im Bereich der freien Wand des rechten Vorhofs mit sehr hoher räumlicher Auflösung registriert. Bei der Analyse wurden drei Vorhofflimmern-Typen in Abhängigkeit von der räumlich-zeitlichen Komplexität der atrialen Aktivierung erstellt. Die Klassifizierung in Typen ist dabei als Teil eines kontinuierlichen Spektrums zu verstehen. Mittels elektrophysiologischen Kathetermappings versuchten Haissaguerre et al. regionale Unterschiede der elektrophysiologischen Parameter während Vorhofflimmerns zu erarbeiten. Hierbei fand sich in den endokardial trabekularisierten Regionen eine weitgehend organisierte Aktivität während des Vorhofflimmerns, dagegen in den nichttrabekularisierten Regionen überwiegend eine fibrillierende Aktivität. Bei einer kleinen Untergruppe, die man zumeist bei jungen Patienten ohne strukturelle Herzerkrankung findet, scheint ein diskreter Fokus die Ursache des Vorhofflimmerns zu sein.
    Notes: Summary The electrophysiologic mechanisms for the maintenance of atrial fibrillation still needs to be elucidated. The multiple wavelet hypothesis of Moe could be confirmed in experimental and clinical mapping studies. However, the role of preferential pathways, periodicities, and other factors for the perpetuation of atrial fibrillation is unclear. In intraoperative biatrial mapping studies, Cox et al. could demonstrate complete reentrant circuits during atrial fibrillation in the right atrium. Left atrial reentry could not be demonstrated, probably due to the limited spatial mapping resolution in that area. In other intraoperative mapping studies, Konings et al. registered the activation sequences during atrial fibrillation at the right atrial free wall with very high spatial resolution. Based on the spatiotemporal complexity of atrial activation during atrial fibrillation, three types of atrial fibrillation were defined. Patients were classified according to the predominant activation pattern and, therefore, the classification in different types is part of a continuous spectrum. Haissaguerre et al. performed catheter mapping studies to investigate regional disparities in fibrillatory activity during paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In their study, edocardially trabeculated areas revealed predominantly organized activity during atrial fibrillation, whereas the nontrabeculated areas were significantly more fibrillatory. In most cases, atrial fibrillation resulted from the simultaneous existence of instable reentrant circuits. However, in a small subgroup of young patients without structural heart disease, the typical surface ECG pattern of atrial fibrillation was produced by a single focal source that could successfully be ablated with discrete radiofrequency energy application.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Chronic myocardial infarction ; epicardial mapping ; anisotropic conduction ; frequency dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Objectives: Anisotropic properties of cardiac tissue play an important role in initiation and perpetuation of ventricular tachycardia. However, anisotropic conduction properties in different morphologic types of chronic myocardial infarctions as well as frequency dependency still need to be elucidated. In the present study, the characteristics of anisotropic conduction were investigated in situ in the setting of ischemia-reperfusion induced chronic myocardial infarction. Methods: Myocardial infarction was induced in 12 dogs by a percutaneous transcatheter left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion technique. Four additional dogs served as normal controls. After 14 to 20 days, epicardial mapping was performed using simultaneous unipolar recordings from 240 electrodes of a plaque electrode array placed on the epicardial border zone overlying the infarctions. Constant rate pacing with five cycle lengths (CL) ranging from 500 to 200 ms as well as programmed electrical stimulation (PES) with four basic cycle lengths (BCL) ranging from 430 to 300 ms and single extrastimuli (S2) were performed. Results: Two anatomically different patterns of epicardial surface morphology were analyzed, designated as type I and type II. In seven animals, there was a continuous thin layer of surviving epicardial muscle fibers overlying the infarction (type I). During pacing with CL of 500 vs 200 ms, conduction velocity longitudinal to fiber orientation (θL) decreased significantly in the infarcted animals compared to control group (10.9% vs 5.2%,p〈0.05) whereas conduction velocity transverse to fiber axis (θT) decreased to a similar degree in control and infarcted animals (6.9 vs 7.4%, n.s.). After premature stimulation, there was considerably greater reduction in θL in infarcted animals than in controls (39.8% vs 31.5%,p〈0.05) whereas θT decreased to a similar extend in infarcted and control animals (22.2% vs 21.4%, n.s.). During constant rate pacing and premature stimulation, no functional conduction block was induced in type I infarctions. In five animals, the transmural infarctions clearly extended to the epicardial surface, but continuous strands of surviving epicardial muscle fibers traversed the area of necrosis (type II). During PES with S2, functional conduction block and areas of very slow conduction were observed in each case. Conclusions: In ischemia-reperfusion induced chronic myocardial infarctions, different epicardial patterns of morphology were observed. Anisotropic conduction was frequency dependent in the longitudinal but not in the transverse direction. In type I infarctions, functional conduction block was not inducible during PES whereas in type II infarctions, prerequisites for reentrant arrhythmias like functional conduction block and very slow conduction were induced in each case by single extrastimuli.
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