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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GeoReM: A New Geochemical Database for Reference Materials and Isotopic Standards (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geostandards and geoanalytical research 29 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-908X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We have developed a new database named GeoReM () for reference materials and isotopic standards of geochemical and mineralogical interest. Reference samples include rock powders originating from the USGS, GSJ, GIT-IWG, synthetic and natural reference glasses originating from NIST, USGS, MPI-DING, as well as mineral (e.g., 91500 zircon), isotopic (e.g., La Jolla, E&A, NIST SRM 981), river water and seawater reference materials. GeoReM is a relational database, which strongly follows the concept of the three EARTHCHEM databases. It contains published analytical and compilation values (major and trace element concentrations, radiogenic and stable isotope ratios), important metadata about the analytical values, such as uncertainty, uncertainty type, method and laboratory. Sample information and references are also included. Three different ways of interrogating the database are possible: (1) sample names or material types, (2) chemical criteria and (3) bibliography. Some typical applications are described. GeoReM currently (October 2005) contains more than 750 geological reference materials, 6000 individual sets of results and references to 650 publications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2005.tb00904.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geochemistry The lost continents (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 448 (2007), S. 655-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ...Plate tectonic theory requires that much of Earth's crust returns to the underlying mantle through the process known as subduction. Most of this subducted material is solidified volcanic lava — basalts — from oceanic crust (see, for example, ref. 1). But continents do not ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/448655a
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An olivine-free mantle source of Hawaiian shield basalts (2005)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 434 (2005), S. 590-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] More than 50 per cent of the Earth's upper mantle consists of olivine and it is generally thought that mantle-derived melts are generated in equilibrium with this mineral. Here, however, we show that the unusually high nickel and silicon contents of most parental Hawaiian magmas are ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03411
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recycled oceanic crust observed in ‘ghost plagioclase’ within the source of Mauna Loa lavas (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 404 (2000), S. 986-990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The hypothesis that mantle plumes contain recycled oceanic crust is now widely accepted. Some specific source components of the Hawaiian plume have been inferred to represent recycled oceanic basalts, pelagic sediments or oceanic gabbros. Bulk lava compositions, however, retain the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35010098
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Earth science Just add water (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 425 (2003), S. 24-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sandwiched between Earth's thin crust and its metallic core lies a layer of pressurized rock at high temperature — the mantle. Convection in this layer drives plate tectonics and sea-floor spreading, but we know little about the pattern of circulation. Indeed, current thinking about mantle ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425024a
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coupled major and trace elements as indicators of the extent of melting in mid-ocean-ridge peridotites (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 410 (2001), S. 677-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Rocks in the Earth's uppermost sub-oceanic mantle, known as abyssal peridotites, have lost variable but generally large amounts of basaltic melt, which subsequently forms the oceanic crust. This process preferentially removes from the peridotite some major constituents such as aluminium, as ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35070546
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geochemistry of peridotites and mafic igneous rocks from the Central Dinaric Ophiolite Belt, Yugoslavia (1991)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 106 (1991), S. 201-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the Central Dinaric Ophiolite Belt (CDOB) peridotites and associated metamorphic rocks of various grades tectonically overlie an olistostrome melange of middle to late Jurassic age. Peridotites and underlying slices of mafic granulites (partially transformed to gamet amphibolites) are intruded by doleritic dikes which do not occur in the melange. The melange contains blocks of subgreywackes and cherts as well as those of pillow lavas and massive diabase (spilites). CDOB peridotites are in the spinel peridotite facies, but locally spinel-plagioclase peridotites occur as well. All peridotites have lherzolitic compositions showing several significant element correlations: Al2O3, CaO, TiO2, Na2O and Cu are negatively correlated and Ni is positively correlated with MgO. Recent estimates of primitive mantle compositions lie near the low-MgO end point of each correlation trend. Al/Ti and Ca/Al ratios of CDOB lherzolites are for the most part higher than the range observed in chondrites. However, when a few samples with extreme compositions are excluded, Al/Ti and Ca/Al are positively correlated with MgO, and the samples at the low-MgO end have near-chondritic Ca/Al but slightly higher than chondritic Al/Ti ratios. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of CDOB lherzolites show extreme depletions in LREE providing strong evidence for the absence of any metasomatic renrichment. The lack of correlation between highly incompatible elements (LREE) and moderately incompatible elements (HREE, Ti, Na, Al, Ca) together with the extremely low La/Sm ratios suggest that fractional or very small increment melt removal played a role in the genesis of these lherzolites. Four out of five lherzolites yield and apparent Sm-Nd isochron age of 136±15 Ma with an ɛNb of 6.0±1.1 (bulk rocks and clinopyroxene separates). One sample has an exceptionally high ɛNd of about 23. The mafic igneous rocks scatter around the lower end of the 136 Ma reference isochron allowing, but not proving, a genetic relationship with a mantle having a Nd isotopic composition which is similar to that of CDOB lherzolites. LIL element abundances of spilites and doleritic dike rocks suggest some hydrothermal alteration. In primitive mantle-normalized concentration diagrams none of these mafic igneous rocks shows a significant negative Nb-Ta anomaly. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of both rock types are essentially flat. Whereas the inferred primary compositions of the spilites compare well with those of E-type MORBs, the doleritic dike rocks show elemental ratios similar to those normally found in back-arc basin tholeiites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306434
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Case studies on the origin of basalt: III. Petrogenesis of the Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea, 1969–1971 (1984)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 88 (1984), S. 24-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During the Mauna Ulu flank eruption on Kilauea, Hawaii, the concentrations in the lavas of the minor elements K, P, Na and Ti, and the incompatible trace elements (analyzed by isotope dilution) K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Sr, and the REE (except Yb) decreased monotonically and linearly with the time (or date) of the eruption. At the same time, the concentrations of the major elements and of Yb, and the ratios of K/Rb, K/Cs, Ba/Rb, 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd remained constant. Most of the scatter in the raw concentration data is removed by a simple correction for olivine (plus chromite) fractionation previously established by Wright et al. (1975). These results are explained by simple equilibrium partial melting of a uniform source. The degree of melting increased by about 20% of the initial value during the course of the eruption. The trace element data are inverted by the method originated by Minster and Allègre (1978) and simplified by Hofmann and Feigenson (1983). The source has the following element (or isotope) ratios: K/Rb=501±7, Ba/Rb=14.0±0.5, Rb/Cs=95±7, Rb/Sr=0.0193 (+0.0045, −0.0090), (Ce/Ba)CN= 1.1±0.1, (Sr/Ba)CN=1.19 (+0.30, −0.19), 87Sr/86Sr=0.703521±0.000016, and 143Nd/144Nd=0.512966±0.000008. The REE pattern of the source has a nearly flat or slightly negative slope (=relative LREE enrichment) between Ce and Dy and a strongly positive slope between Dy and Yb. However, this relative HREE enrichment is poorly constrained by the analytical data, is highly model dependent and may not be a true source feature. The Yb concentration in the source is particularly poorly constrained because it is essentially constant in the melts. On the other hand, this special feature demonstrates that Yb must be buffered by a mineral phase with a high partition coefficient for Yb, namely garnet. The calculated clinopyroxene/garnet ratio in the source is roughly equal to one. In contrast, the source of Kohala volcano had previously been found to contain little or no garnet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371409
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Case studies on the origin of basalt (1983)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 84 (1983), S. 390-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The simplified model of basalt genesis described in Part I of this series, equilibrium partial melting followed by Rayleigh-type fractional crystallization, is applied to a stratigraphically controlled sequence of basalt flows from Kohala volcano. Major-element compositions were determined for 52 samples and show a time-stratigraphic progression from tholeiites through transitional basalts to alkali basalts. Twenty-six of these samples were analyzed by isotope dilution for K, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba and the REE, 13 for87Sr/86Sr, and 19 for Co, Cr, Ni and V by atomic absorption. After a simple, first-order correction for the effects of fractional crystallization (involving mostly olivine and aluminous clinopyroxene), the major element concentrations cluster tightly, and the incompatible trace elements show monotonic increases in concentration as a function of stratigraphic height. The process identification plot shows that all the (fractionation corrected) melt compositions can be explained by equilibrium partial melting of compositionally identical batches of source material. The REE and Sr are fractionated because of the presence of residual clinopyroxene. Garnet may also be present but in much smaller amounts. In this respect our results differ significantly from those of Leeman et al. (1980). The calculated chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the source are nearly flat to slightly convex upward. Therefore there is no need to invoke special mechanisms, such as metasomatic REE preenrichment of the source, in order to explain the petrogenesis of the suite of lavas. Specifically, Ce concentrations ranging from 20 to 250 times chondritic are all explained by the same calculated source pattern having a chondrite-normalized ratio of Ce/Sm=0.9±0.2. However, the normalized ratio Ce/Ba≅2 shows that the source is not simply primitive mantle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01160290
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kohala revisited (1987)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 95 (1987), S. 114-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We present new isotopic data for Sr and Nd in basalts and alkalic volcanics from Kohala volcano, Hawaii, which had previously been described by Feigenson et al. (1983). These data complement our own isotopic data presented in that paper and those given in the companion paper by Lanphere and Frey (1986). We show that in spite of appearances to the contrary, there is no significant analytical bias in our previously published analyses. Accidental sampling bias and one erroneous value prevented us from recognizing the isotopic heterogeneity in our previously published data. The new data both confirm the Sr-isotopic distinction between Pololu and Hawi volcanics discovered by Lanphere and Frey and narrow the gap between them significantly. The two data sets agree for the Hawi samples, but the mean 87Sr/86Sr=0.703651±13 for our Pololu basalts is significantly lower than the mean 87Sr/86Sr= 0.703748±18 found by Lanphere and Frey. The Ndisotopic ratios are also heterogeneous, but they overlap for the two formations. We agree with the assessment of Lanphere and Frey that some of our samples originally classified as belonging to the Hawi Formation are actually derived from the uppermost Pololu Formation, but with some stratigraphic ambiguities remaining. We believe that our previous results of inverse modelling are valid for the tholeiitic and moderately alkalic Pololu Formation despite the isotopic heterogeneity because this heterogeneity does not correlate with the trace element chemistry of the Pololu samples. The severe depletion of Sc, which correlates with decreasing CaO/Al2O3 ratios and increasing Yb concentrations, confirms the importance of clinopyroxene fractionation in the evolved lavas of the Hawi Formation. In addition, apatite precipitation did fractionate the P/Ce ratios in the more evolved Hawi lavas, but its effect on the REE abundances is still uncertain and may not be significant. The MgO — P2O5 plot of Lanphere and Frey does not provide compelling evidence against a simple genetic relationship between Pololu and Hawi lavas. The internal consistency of the (fractionation corrected) trace element ratios such as Ba/Ce indicates that Ba is depleted in both the Hawi and the Pololu sources and that these sources do have similar chemistry. Finally, we show that contrary to the conclusions of Lanphere and Frey the REE patterns of Kohala volcanics can be generated from sources with only slightly negatively sloping REE patterns without involvement of garnet, as was indicated by the formal inversion analysis. Models which include garnet yield more highly anomalous source abundance patterns and calculated bulk-source partition coefficients which are inconsistent with the presence of garnet. The persistence of residual garnet is also inconsistent with the absence of significant heavy-REE fractionation among the Pololu basalts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518034
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