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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 182-184 (Feb. 1995), p. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 196-201 (Nov. 1995), p. 779-784 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 177 (1975), S. 309-322 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Polychaeta ; Nereidae ; Prostomium ; Regeneration ; Hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Platynereis dumerilii besitzt nur sehr eingeschränkte Fähigkeiten zum Ersatz vorderer Körperbereiche: lediglich das Prostomium kann regeneriert werden unter der Voraussetzung, daß ein Teil dieser Strukturin situ verbleibt. Günstigstenfalls wird ein vollständiges, verkleinertes Prostomium mit allen Sinnesorganen gebildet; in den meisten Fällen entstehen aber asymmetrische unpaare oder unvollständige Bildungen. Auch Augenmehrfachbildungen werden gelegentlich beobachtet. Je mehr Prostomiumgewebe entfernt wird, desto größer ist die Tendenz zu Fehlbildungen. 2. Wie sich anhand der simultan ausgelösten Caudalregeneration zeigen läßt, ist Prostomiumregeneration an das Vorhandensein hormonbildender Gehirnzellen im Gehirnrest gebunden. 3. Wenn die Versorgung mit Gehirnhormon durch isolierte, in die Leibeshöhle der Versuchstiere transplantierte Prostomien unreifer Spender gewährleistet ist, vermögen auch solche Tiere Prostomiumregenerate zu bilden, aus deren Prostomiumanteil außerdem der Gehirnrest entfernt wurde. Daraus ist zu schließen, daß die Potenzen zur Prostomiumbildung im Hautmuskelschlauch dieser Struktur lokalisiert sind. 4. Regenerierte Prostomien, die unter dem hormonellen Einflußimplantierter Prostomien aus Hautmuskelschlauchanteilen entstanden sind, üben typische Funktionen aus. Sie ermöglichen erneute Nahrungsaufnahme und Übernehmen, nach Explantation der Spenderprostomien, die endokrine Entwicklungssteuerung: unter ihrem Einfluß werden nach caudaler Durchtrennung typische Regenerate gebildet; ebenso werden Geschlechtsentwicklung und heteronereide Umwandlungen ermöglicht.
    Notes: Summary 1. In Platynereis dumerilii, the capacity for anterior regeneration is rather limited: only prostomial regenerates can be developed, provided that a part of the original prostomium is leftin situ. At best, the regenerate represents a complete prostomium, but reduced in size. In most cases however, asymmetrical or deficient development of palpae, antennae and eyes is observed. Sometimes, multiple eye-anlagen are produced. The proportion of deficiencies increases with the quantity of prostomial tissue removed. 2. As demonstrated by the simultaneous emergence of typical posterior regenerates, the formation of prostomial regenerates is essentially linked with the presence of brain hormone producing cells in the persisting portion of the supraoesophageal ganglion. 3. Individuals, the dissected prostomia of which are in addition deprived of the brain rudiments, can form prostomial regenerates if brain hormone is supplied by prostomia of immature donors, implanted into the coelom. It is therefore concluded that the competence to form a prostomium is inherent in the dermal-muscular tunic of the prostomium. 4. Regenerated prostomia originating from parts of the prostomial dermal-muscular tunic under the hormonal influence of implanted prostomia exert typical functions. They enable the animals to take up food and, if the donor's prostomium is removed, to perform endocrine control of the animal's development: typical posterior regenerates are formed upon caudal amputation, also maturation and heteronereid transformations occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 744-749 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Red Sea ; Cnidaria ; Anthozoa ; coral planulae ; induction of metamorphosis ; phorbol ester ; protein kinase C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Controlled experiments on the metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae require artificial inducers. These inducers can be used for studying the involvement of known signal transduction pathways in settlement and metamorphosis. The ability of the tumor-promoting phorbol ester TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) to induce metamorphosis in planulae of the Red Sea soft coral speciesHeteroxenia fuscescens, Xenia umbellata, Dendronephthya hemprichii, Litophyton arboreum andParerythropodium fulvum fulvum, and the stony coralStylophora pistillata, was examined by using various concentrations of TPA. The chemical induced metamorphosis in all six species. The effect was unspecific and concentration-related. For all the corals except forX. umbellata the highest mean percentages of metamorphosis were obtained with 8.1×10−7–10−9 M TPA. ForX. umbellata, the percentage of metamorphosis was lower, and was obtained within a wider TPA concentration range. The present results, along with previous studies on Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa, demonstrate that TPA is the first common artificial inducer for these classes of Cnidaria. TPA is known to activate the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC) and therefore plays an important role in studying the phosphatidylinositol signal transduction system. Evidence for the involvement of this pathway in triggering metamorphosis has already been reported for Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa. Our results suggest that PKC is also involved in initiating metamorphosis in Anthozoa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 180 (1976), S. 47-71 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Annelida ; Nereidae ; Endocrinology ; Control of regeneration ; Annelida ; Nereidae ; Endokrinologie ; Regenerations-steuerung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Beim PolychaetenPlatynereis dumerilii wurde der hormonbildende Bereich des Prostomiums experimentell durch Prostomiumdurchschneidungs- und Implantationsversuche eingegrenzt. Das fragliche Areal liegt innerhalb der beiden Augenpaare und erstreckt sich vom Hinterrand der Vorderaugen bis etwa zum Hinterrand der Hinteraugen. Dies entspricht ungefähr dem Bereich des Gehirns der zwischen dem vorderen und dem hinteren, das Gehirn dorsoventral durchziehenden Bindegewebsstrang liegt und der ventral vom Epithel des Infracerebralkomplexes überzogen ist. 2. Als mögliche Bildungsorte für das Gehirnhormon werden in Betracht gezogen: (a) der Infracerebralkomplex, (b) neurosekretorische Neurone im Gehirn. 3. Der Infracerebralkomplex vonPl. dumerilii wurde licht- und elektronenoptisch untersucht. Ein im Umriß blattförmiges, maximal 120×95 μm messendes Feld des Epithels, das die Gehirnkapsel an der Ventralseite des Gehirns außen bedeckt und das dem Hauptblutgefäß und seinen beiden abführenden Ästen benachbart ist, besteht aus höheren, spezialisierten Epithelzellen. Elektronenoptisch können zwei Zelltypen unterschieden werden: die überwiegendena-Zellen und die seltenerenb-Zellen. Aus dem Neuropilem nach ventral ziehenden Faserzüge mit Gliafasern sowie z.T. neurosekretorischen Axonen enden (teilweise mit ausgeprägten Endstrukturen) an der Innenseite der Gehirnkapsel. Einige Axone durchdringen diese möglicherweise, um mit den spezialisierten Epithelzellen in Kontakt zu treten. Weder schlüssige strukturelle noch experimentelle Befunde weisen die Infracerebraldrüse als eigenständige “Gehirnhormondrüse” aus. Verschiedene akzessorische Funktionen werden diskutiert. 4. Untersuchungen an neurosekretorischen Gehirnzellen beiPl. dumerilii werden vorgelegt. Danach besteht Übereinstimmung mit Müller (1973) darin, daß eine bemerkenswerte Inkongruenz der Anzahl färberisch nachweisbarer, neurosekretorischer Neurone und der experimentell ermittelten hormonalen Aktivität der betreffenden Tiere besteht: so sind bei jungen, unreifen Individuen, denen hohe Hormontiter zugeschrieben werden, wenige, z.T. gar keine neurosekretorischen Neurone erkennbar. Unter Bezugnahme auf die Prostomiumdurchschneidungs- und Implantationsversuche ist weiter festzustellen, daß nicht in allen Gehirnbereichen, in denen neurosekretorische Zellen vorkommen, Fähigkeit zur Hormonbildung zukommt. Die Resultate werden im Hinblick auf die Thesen von Müller (1973) erörtert, denenzufolge das Auftreten färbbarer Neurosekrete als Indiz für die Inaktivierung möglicherweise zuvor hormonbildender Neurone gewertet werden kann.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the polychaetePlatynereis dumerilii, the hormone-elaborating portion of the prostomium was determined by means of prostomium transection and implantation experiments. The area in question lies between the two pairs of eyes, extending longitudinally from the posterior border of the anterior eyes to about the posterior border of the posterior eyes. This corresponds approximately with the brain area delimited by the anterior and posterior dorsoventral connective tissue tubes and which is covered ventrally by the infracerebral gland epithelium. 2. The infracerebral gland-complex and neurosecretory neurons within the brain were envisaged as possible sites of hormone synthesis. 3. The infracerebral gland-complex inPl. dumerilii was investigated with light—and electron-microscopical techniques. A leaf-shaped area (measuring 120 by 95 μm at the most) of the pericapsular epithelium at the ventral side of the brain, adjacent to the main blood vessel and to its efferent branches, consists of specialized columnar epithelial cells. Numerousa-cells and scarceb-cells can be distinguished. Fibre tracts with glia fibres and axons (some being neurosecretory axons) descend from the neuropile and in part terminate with prominent end-structures at the inner face of the brain capsule in the gland region. Probably some axons penetrate the capsule and make contact with the gland cells. Neither structural nor experimental findings prove that the infracerebral gland synthesizes the brain hormone. Accessory functions are discussed. 4. Investigations in secretory brain cells ofPl. dumerilii are reported. In agreement with Müller (1973), a lack of correlation between the number of stainable neurosecretory neurons and the hormonal activity of the brain was found: in immature worms (to which high hormonal titers are ascribed) only few or even no neurosecretory brain cells at all were detectable. Prostomium transection and implantation experiments show further that not all regions of the brain which enclose neurosecretory neurons produce brain hormone. The results are discussed with reference to the hypotheses of Müller (1973) which suggest that the appearance of stainable neurosecretory brain cells indicates inactivation of neurons possibly previously involved with hormone synthesis.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Urodela ; Limb regeneration ; Limb regeneration territory ; Heterotopic transplantation ; X-rays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. In the experiments performed by W. Luther on youngAmbystoma mexicanum, tails of host animals were irradiated with 2000 r. Afterwards a skin cuff was removed from the mid-tail region. From non-irradiated donor animals, square pieces of skin dorsally adjacent to both hindlimbs were grafted (either 90°-rotated or unrotated) to both sides of the denuded area of the irradiated host tail. After 3 weeks the tails were amputated across the skin transplants, and the structures which had regenerated from the distal portions of the tails were fixed 6–16 weeks later. 2. Morphological and histological investigation revealed that 4 out of 12 regenerates from rotated grafs showed clear limb characteristics. They had developed cartilaginous phalanges and basipodial elements, joint and general connective tissue, and striated muscle fibres. In the remaining eight cases either limb-tailfin structures (four) or amorphous nodes without cartilage (four) had formed. In the two cases with unrotated grafts tailfin-like regenerates had developed. 3. It seems likely that in these experiments the X-irradiated tails represent a passive base on which grafted limb-adjacent flank skin could regenerate limb structures. It follows that the properties of limb regeneration territory can be attributed to these flank skin grafts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Asexual reproduction by formation of swimming buds which metamorphose directly into polyps plays a most important role in the propagation ofCassiopea andromeda (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). (C. andromeda polyps, originally supplied by the Löbbecke Museum and Aquarium Düsseldorf, FRG, were cultured in our laboratories.) We have defined five budding stages and investigated epithelial recruitment and dynamics during bud formation using intracellular vital stains. The region of cell recruitment was found to encircle the budding site asymmetrically. The aboral side contributing considerably less to the developing bud than the oral and lateral sides. Furthermore, it was found that the epithelial flow involved in bud formation is part of a permanent apico-basal displacement of ectodermal cells. Light and electronmicroscopic investigations revealed that no drastic changes occur at the cellular level, neither in the ectoderm nor in the endoderm which both participate in bud formation. Scanning and transmissionelectron microscopic investigations of the swimming bud revealed that the ectoderm is composed of three, and the endoderm of two, cell types. Nerve elements have been detected near the mesoglea between both ecto- and endodermal cells. Amoebocytes are regularly found either at the basis of epidermal cells or within the mesoglea, whereas symbionts are located in the endoderm. Buds induced to metamorphose by a bacterial-inducing factor were used to investigate morphological and ultrastructural changes occurring during metamorphosis and scyphistoma morphogenesis. Metamorphosis starts with the settling of a bud, followed by the formation of the pedal disk in which desmocytes, as typical cnidarian adhesive structures, are differentiated. Metamorphosis is completed with the formation of the mouth and tentacles. Whereas metamorphosis of cnidarian planulae implies considerable changes at the cellular level, tissue remodeling processes prevail in bud metamorphosis ofC. andromeda.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heteroxenia fuscescens is a common zooxanthellate soft coral on the shallow reefs in the Gulf of Eilat, northern Red Sea. In the Red Sea, during its prolonged planulation, H. fuscescens is subjected to a seasonal environmental regime that alternates between stratified warm summer waters and upwelling of low-temperature winter waters. To examine the possible relationship between these seasonal fluctuations and the reproductive characteristics of H. fuscescens, we monitored its breeding activity for a 6-year period, including the percentage of colonies releasing planulae, number of planulae released per colony per night (fecundity), planula size and percentage of released deformed planulae. During summer and fall the combined average percentage of planulating colonies of H. fuscescens was significantly higher than in winter and spring. In addition, fecundity was greater during the summer than the rest of the year. Planulae released during summer were longer, with almost zero percent deformation. During the rest of the year they were shorter, with a higher percentage of deformation. The current study indicates that although H. fuscescens reproduces all year round, the quantity and quality of its reproductive features are subject to seasonal variability. In the Gulf of Eilat seasonal changes in the abiotic features of the water may have an impact on its reproduction. During summer, primary productivity reaches a distinctive maximum up to a depth of about 40 m. The winter upwelling waters introduce nutrients from the depths into the upper 200 m, and especially into the major primary productivity zone, thereby triggering the annual phytoplankton bloom. Because colonies of H. fuscescens gain nutritional benefit from uptake of organic material dissolved in the water and by carbon fixation by zooxanthellae, we␣suggest that the seasonal fluctuations in the species' reproductive traits are related to these fluctuations in nutrient and light levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scyphopolyps and scyphomedusae of Cassiopea andromeda Forskål (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) containing dinoflagellate endosymbionts (zooxanthellae) were investigated for rates and pathways of carbon fixation. Photosynthesis by the algae, accounting for 80 and 15 μmol C h-1 on a dry weight basis in medusae and polyps, respectively, by far exceeds dark incorporation of inorganic carbon by the intact association. Photosynthetic carbon fixation is operated via C3 pathway of carbon reduction. DCMU-treatment (1×10-6 M and 1×10-5 M) completely inhibits light-dependent carbon assimilation. Major photosynthates presumably involved in a metabolite flow from algal symbionts to animal tissue are glycerol and glucose. A total of 5–10% net algal photosynthate appears to be seleased in vivo to the host. This is probably less than the energy supply ultimately required for the nutrition of the polyps and medusae. The presence of zooxanthellae proved to be indispensable for strobilation in the scyphopolyps. However, photosynthesis by algal symbionts as well as photosynthate release is obviously not essential for the initiation of ephyrae as is shown by DCMU-treatment, culture in continous darkness, and aposymbiotic controls. It is therefore concluded that strobilation is supported, but not triggered by algal photosynthetic activity. The induction of strobilation thus seems to depend on a more complex system of regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 14 (1972), S. 341-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Beim getrenntgeschlechtlichen Polychaeten Eunice siciliensis Grube entwickelten sich die Geschlechts-produkte ausschließlich in den Metameren des hinteren Körperdrittels. 2. Fortpflanzungsbereite Exemplare beider Geschlechter, die erstmals Mitte August gefunden wurden, autotomierten bald nach der Isolierung aus dem Substrat den prall mit Geschlechtsprodukten gefüllten hinteren Körperabschnitt (beim Weibchen tief blaugrün gefärbt, beim Männchen milchig-weiß) unter charakteristischen Bewegungen vom sterilen Vorderstück. 3. Die abgetrennten, als epitoke Körperstrecken zu bezeichnenden Hinterenden gaben unter fortwährendem Herumschwimmen Geschlechtsprodukte in die Zuchtschalen ab und gingen dann zugrunde. 4. Beobachtungen an langzeitig im Labor gehaltenen Würmern bestätigten die Vermutung, daß sich E. siciliensis mehr als einmal fortzupflanzen vermag, indem das atoke, vordere Wurmstück nach Abtrennen des epitoken Körperabschnittes ein neues Hinterende regeneriert, welches erneut in die Geschlechts-entwicklung eintreten kann. 5. Bei Wurmfragmenten kann nicht nur das Hinterende, sondern auch ein morphologisch modifiziertes Prostomium regeneriert werden. Geschlechtliche Weiterentwicklung ist bei Tierfragmenten an die Bildung eines solchen Sekundärprostomiums gebunden. 6. Form der Epitokie, Fortpflanzungsverhalten sowie Regenerationserscheinungen und deren Beziehung zur Geschlechtsentwicklung weisen bei E. siciliensis beachtliche Ähnlichkeiten mit den bei E. viridis, dem pazifischen Palolowurm, angetroffenen Verhältnissen auf. Der hier untersuchten Art fehlen jedoch wenigstens zwei hervorstechende Merkmale des “palolo”: die ◂Bauchaugen” auf der Ventralseite jeden Genitalsegmentes bei beiden Geschlechtern und die paarigen, dunklen Pigmentfelder auf der Ventralseite der Genitalsegmente schwärmbereiter Männchen.
    Notes: Abstract Eunice siciliensis (Grube)1 is a sedentary polychaete with separate sexes; its germ cells develop only in the posterior part of the body. In March and April, females with whitish or even dark-green oocytes, males with only few spermatogonia, and individuals with no germ cells at all were discovered in the “coralligène” of the Banyuls region (European Mediterranean Sea). In august, besides immature and sexually non-differentiated worms, mature individuals of both sexes were captured: females with dark bluish-green oocytes of diameters up to 250μm, and males with milky genital segments containing spermatozoa. Soon after isolation from the substrate, these individuals performed characteristic movements with their posterior body parts, which then autotomized, and released ova and spermatozoa. Evidence is given that the anterior, atokous body parts survive in their tubes in the “coralligène” after separation from the epitokous portions, and regenerate new genetal segments. The development of gametes observed in these regenerated segments indicates the ability of E. siciliensis to reproduce more than once during its lifetime. Not only caudal, but also prostomial regeneration was observed; the formation of a (morphologically different) secondary prostomium appears to be essential for any development of germ cells in worm fragments. E. siciliensis exhibits surprising similarities in habits and in formation of an epitokous form with Eunice viridis (Gray), the “palolo” worm of the South Pacific Ocean, but nevertheless, lacks the prominent criteria of this famous species: the ventral eye spots on each genital segment in males and females, and the paired areas with brown pigmentation on the ventral side of each epitokous segment in the males.
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