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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 43 (1971), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 55 (1984), S. 70-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Soman ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Cholinesterases ; Aliesterase ; Phosphorylphosphatase ; Toxicity ; Stereoselectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fate of the four stereoisomers of soman [0-(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl)-methyl-fluoro phosphonate] has been studied a) in vivo in mouse blood and liver after IP injection of 0.75 × LD50 Rc- and Sc-soman respectively, and b) in vitro upon incubation wih acetyl- und pseudocholinesterase, aliesterase and phosphorylphosphatase. The analytical method used is based on gas chromatography — mass spectrometry with deuterated internal standard. Most soman disappeared very rapidly from blood and liver. In liver, SCRP and RCRP, the two isomers that preferentially react with cholinesterase, could be detected. The level of SCRP, which was higher than that of RCRP, could be followed for 17–18 h. In blood only SCRP could be detected. The amounts found were fairly constant during the time period 2 min to 4h, and it could even be detected 17–18 h after soman administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 41 (1978), S. 31-41 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Metrifonate ; Dichlorvos ; Acetylcholine ; Choline ; Schistosomiasis ; Mass fragmentography ; Cholinesterase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chemical formation of dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) was found to occur in mouse brain after i.p. injection of metrifonate (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl dimethyl phosphonate). A mass fragmentographic technique was used. Different isotopic variants were used both as internal standards and to compensate for dichlorvos formed during the workup procedure. The dichlorvos formed in vivo was found to have its maximal concentration a few minutes after the maximum of the metrifonate itself. The effect of metrifonate and dichlorvos on acetylcholine levels, acetylcholinesterase activity and synthesis rate of acetylcholine in mouse brain was also studied. In all three cases the effect of metrifonate was found to be prolonged and delayed as compared to the effect of dichlorvos. It is concluded that metrifonate acts as a slow release formulation in the body giving rise to dichlorvos nonenzymatically. This circumstance at least partly explains its efficacy in the treatment of schistosomiasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 142 (1967), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 144 (1967), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 41 (1978), S. 3-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Metrifonate ; Dichlorvos ; Choline ; Acetylcholine ; Cholinesterase ; Schistosomiasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The organophosphorus compound 0,0-dimethyl-(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-phosphonate was introduced as an insecticide, trichlorfon, in 1952 (Lorenz et al., 1955) and as a drug, metrifonate, in the treatment of schistosomiasis in 1960 (Lebrun and Cerf, 1960). This organophosphorus compound is unique in that it has been claimed not to be a direct acting cholinesterase inhibitor but being transformed nonenzymatically into an active component dichlorvos, 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP). The evidence for this transformation has mostly been indirect. Recently it has been proved chemically and quantitatively that this transformation occurs in the animal body (Nordgren et al., 1978). Metrifonate is the sole organophosphorus compound currently studied clinically in schistosomiasis. A substantial therapeutic effect is obtained only in Schistosoma haematobium infections. In this review on available data of metrifonate it is suggested that further more detailed studies of both S. haematobium and S. mansoni are necessary. This should include studies of the enzymic properties of the worms and the reaction of their esterases towards both metrifonate and DDVP as well as the pharmacokinetics of these compounds in man. In addition there are still unsolved discrepancies reported regarding organ toxicity of the compound which may, however, be due to different grades of parity of the test material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 27 (1970), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acholest ; Cholinesterase ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Parathion Poisoning ; Test Paper ; Reactivators ; Acholest ; Cholinesterase ; Hemmstoffe der Cholinesterase ; Parathion-Vergiftung ; Test-Papier ; Reaktivatoren ; Clefs ; Acholest ; Cholinestérase ; Inhibiteurs de cholinestérase ; Intoxication de Parathion ; Papier-test ; Reactivateurs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund vierjähriger Erfahrungen in Afrika und Schweden beschreiben die Autoren eine Teststreifenmethode zur Bestimmung von Plasma-Cholinesterase (Acholest), die sowohl im Labor als auch im Einsatzgebiet durchgeführt werden kann. Das für den Test notwendige Material und die Bedingungen werden im Detail beschrieben. Es wird empfohlen, die kürzlich eingeführten Tabellen zur Temperaturkorrektur zu benützen und die Ergebnisse in Einheiten der Richterichskala anzugeben. Bei erwachsenen Sengalesen männlichen Geschlechtes wurde eine durchschnittliche Enzymaktivität von 63,5 Einheiten gefunden (Grenzwerte 45–120 Einheiten). Es wird empfohlen, Durchschnittswerte bei verschiedenen Bevölkerungsschichten zu bestimmen. Auch ist es notwendig die Werte von Personen zu kennen, bevor sie möglicherweise mit Cholinesterasehemmern in Berührung kommen. Eine Parathion-Vergiftung, die mit einem Reaktivator (P2S) behandelt wurde, gab den Autoren die Möglichkeit, die Bestimmung nach „Warburg” mit der Acholest-Teststreifenmethode zu vergleichen. Beide Methoden zeigten fast völlige Übereinstimmung. Acholest-Werte, die mit einer schon früher benützten Farbstreifenmethode erhalten wurden, sollten nicht mit der Methode mit feuchten Farbstreifen verglichen werden. Nur eine sehr genaue, nicht colorimetrische Bestimmung wie die nach „Warburg” oder die Bestimmung mit Hilfe von „Titrigraph” kann als Bezugswert für neue colorimetrische Methoden verwendet werden.
    Abstract: Résumé Tirant les enseignements de 4 années d'expériences africaines les auteurs donnent une description complète de l'emploi d'un papier-test (Acholest) au laboratoire et surtout sur le terrain pour la détermination de l'activité cholinésterasique plasmatique; le matériel pour ces deux conditions d'utilisation est decrit de façon détaillée. De nouvelles tables de correction de temperature sont conseillées pour l'expression des résultats en unités Richterich. Dans une population sénégalaise adulte masculine il a été trouvée une valeur moyenne=63,5 U (extrèmes 45–120 U). Il est recommandé d'établir les valeurs normales des différentes populations et d'autre part de connaître les valeurs de préexposition des individus pouvant être en contact avec des inhibiteurs des cholinestérases. Un cas d'intoxication par le parathion traité par un reactivateur (P2S) a permis aux auteurs de montrer l'excellente correlation existante avec le méthode manometrique selon Warburg. — Les auteurs font de nombreuses recommandations, entre autres: les résultats antérieurs obtenus avec un étalon de couleur imprimé ne peuvent être comparés avec ceux obtenus actuellement avec un papier-test témoin—seuls des méthodes exactes comme le Warburg et le Titrigraph pourront être utilisées comme base de comparaison pour apprécier la valeur des nouvelles méthodes colorimétriques.
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of four years experience in Africa and Sweden, the authors describe the use of test papers for the determination of plasma cholinesterase (Acholest) both in the laboratory and in the field. The equipment required to perform this test under both conditions is described in detail. It is recommended that the newly compiled table for temperature correction be used and that the results be expressed in units according to Richterich. In an adult male Senegalese population, a mean value of 63.5 U (extremes 45–120 U) was found for the enzyme activity. It is recommended that mean values be established for different populations. It is also necessary to know the preexposure values of individuals likely to come into contact with the cholinesterase inhibitors. A case of parathion intoxication treated with a reactivator (P2S) allowed the authors to compare the manometric method of Warburg with the Acholest paper test. Close agreement was found between the two. Acholest values obtained with an earlier printed colour standard should not be compared with those obtained with the wet standard. Only an accurate noncolorimetric method, such as the Warburg or the Titrigraph, can be used as a baseline from which to assess the value of new colorimetric methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 44 (1980), S. 211-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 231 (1957), S. 78-90 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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