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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and characterization of a family of secretion-related small GTPase-encoding genes from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger : a putative SEC4 homologue is not essential for growth (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 41 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: DNA fragments containing genetic information for five secretion-related small GTPases of Aspergillus niger (srgA–E) were isolated and identified as members of different Rab/Ypt subfamilies. This isolation and the search for similar sequences in fungal genomic and EST databases showed that, in contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, filamentous fungi also possess homologues of mammalian Rab2 GTPases. Multiple transcripts with unusually long 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions were found for all srg genes. Their level of expression was independent of the type of carbon source used for growth. Although the transcripts of srgA and srgB were abundant to the same extent throughout the cultivation, that of the other genes peaked during the early growth phase and then declined. Two genes, srgA and srgB, were characterized further. The protein encoded by srgA exhibited relatively low identity (58%) to its closest S. cerevisiae homologue SEC4, whereas the protein encoded by srgB showed 73% identity with S. cerevisiae YPT1. In contrast to other SEC4 homologues, srgA was unable to complement an S. cerevisiae sec4 mutant, and its disruption was not lethal in A. niger. SrgA mutants displayed a twofold increase in their hyphal diameter, unusual apical branching and strongly reduced protein secretion during growth on glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02541.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hyphal differentiation in the exploring mycelium of Aspergillus niger (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 58 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mycelial fungi play a central role in element cycling in nature by degrading dead organic material such as wood. Fungal colonization of a substrate starts with the invasion of exploring hyphae. These hyphae secrete enzymes that convert the organic material into small molecules that can be taken up by the fungus to serve as nutrients. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter, we show for the first time that exploring hyphae of Aspergillus niger differentiate with respect to enzyme secretion; some strongly express the glucoamylase gene glaA, while others hardly express it at all. When a cytoplasmic GFP was used, 27% of the exploring hyphae of a 5-day-old colony belonged to the low expressing hyphae. By fusing GFP to glucoamylase and by introducing an ER retention signal, this number increased to 50%. This difference is due to cytoplasmic streaming of the reporter in the former case, as was shown by using a photo-activatable GFP. Our findings indicate that a fungal mycelium is highly differentiated, especially when taking into account that hyphae in the exploration zone were exposed to the same nutritional conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04869.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Aspergillus niger MADS-box transcription factor RlmA is required for cell wall reinforcement in response to cell wall stress (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 58 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In Aspergillus niger, the genes coding for glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (gfaA) and α-1,3-glucan synthase (agsA) are induced in response to cell wall stress. In silico analysis of the promoter region of the two genes revealed the presence of putative DNA binding sites for transcription factors involved in stress responses, including sites identical to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rlm1p and Msn2p/Msn4p transcription factors. Promoter analysis indicated that the induction of the agsA gene in response to cell wall stress is fully dependent on a putative Rlm1p binding site in its promoter region. Database searches revealed the presence of S. cerevisiae Rlm1p homologues in most filamentous fungi examined, including A. niger. Deletion of the RLM1 homologue, named rlmA in A. niger, completely eliminated the induction of agsA and resulted in a twofold reduced induction of gfaA during Calcofluor White-induced cell wall stress. The rise in cell wall chitin in the presence of Calcofluor White was also affected in the rlmA deletion strain. In addition, the deletion strain was more sensitive towards cell wall stress agents. Our results indicate that A. niger responds to cell wall stress by transcriptional activation of cell wall reinforcing genes including agsA and gfaA through an Rlm1p-like transcription factor. We propose that such a cell wall salvage mechanism is wide spread in filamentous fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04827.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient KEX2-Like Processing of a Glucoamylase-Interleukin-6 Fusion Protein by Aspergillus Nidulans and Secretion of Mature Interleukin-6 (1991)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Company
    Nature biotechnology 9 (1991), S. 378-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] We have designed an expression vector for the secretion of human interleukin-6 (hIL-6) in which the mature protein is fused through a spacer peptide, contain-ing a KEX-2 like protein processing signal, to the entire Aspergillus niger glucoamylase (glaA) gene. Transformation of Aspergillus nidulans ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0491-378
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of a 1,4-β-endoxylanase gene of A. awamori (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 228-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Aspergillus awamori ; Enzyme (1,4-β-D-xylanohydrolase E.C. 3.2.1.8) purification ; exlA gene isolation ; Multicopy transformant ; Overexpression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An enzyme with a particular 1,4-β-xylanase activity was identified and purified from wheat-bran culture medium of an Aspergillus awamori strain. With oligonucleotides based on the N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the enzyme, the exlA gene of A. awamori, encoding 1,4-β-xylanase A, has been cloned. Based on the deduced amino-acid sequence, 1,4-β-xylanase A is produced as a 211 amino-acid-residue-long precursor, which is converted post-translationally into a 184-aa-residue-long mature protein. Transformation of the original A. awamori strain with multiple copies of the exlA gene resulted in a 40-fold overproduction of 1,4-β-xylanase A. The overproduced enzyme has the same biochemical and enzymological properties as the wild-type enzyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309552
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of the Aspergillus niger trpC gene: structural relationship with analogous genes of other organisms (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: A. niger trpC gene ; Sequence analysis ; Amino acid homology ; Conservation ; Corrected A. nidulans trpC DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of the Aspergillus niger tryptophan C (trpC) gene was determined. Northern hybridization and S1-mapping experiments showed the presence of a 2.6 kb trpC poly(A)+ RNA with two very short (5 and 6 nucleotides) noncoding 5′-regions. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence with that of trp gene proteins of pro- and eukaryotic organisms revealed three functional domains (G, C, F) in the A. niger TrpC protein which catalyse the glutarnine amidotransferase reaction (GAT), the indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase reaction (IGPS) and the N-(5′-phosphoribosyl) anthranilate isomerase reaction (PRAI), respectively. These domains are highly conserved and bordered by short areas showing less homology. Within the F domain of the trpC gene in A. niger, A. nidulans and Neurospora crassa, a region encoding 30 amino acids was found which is absent in the analogous genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and prokaryotic organisms. This region has features of a mutated in-phase intron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365648
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA mediated transformation of Aspergillus ficuum (1988)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 28 (1988), S. 451-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two DNA-mediated transformation systems were successfully adapted to Aspergillus ficuum. Both the Escherichia coli hygromycin B resistance gene and the A. nidulans amdS gene transformation systems produced stable A. ficuum NRRL 3135 transformants. Cotransformation with the E. coli lacZ gene was also achieved with the hygromycin B system. In cotransformation a second unselected gene, in this case the lacZ gene which codes for β-galactosidase, was also integrated and expressed in hygromycin B transformants. Since both of these transformation systems utilized dominant selection markers, they are potentially useful in other genetically uncharacterized filamentous fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00268213
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a new transformant selection system for Penicillium chrysogenum: isolation and characterization of the P. chrysogenum acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase gene (facA) and its use as a homologous selection marker (1993)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 38 (1993), S. 514-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new transformation system for the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum is described, based on the use of the homologous acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (facA) gene as a selection marker. Acetate-non-utilizing (Fac−) strains of P. chrysogenum were obtained by positive selection for spontaneous resistance to fluoroacetate. Among these fac mutants putative facA strains were selected for a loss of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase activity. The facA gene, coding for the enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase, was isolated from a P. chrysogenum genomic library using synthetic oligonucleotides derived from conserved regions from the corresponding genes of Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa. Vector pPC2-3, comprising a genomic 6.5 kb PstI fragment, was able to complement P. chrysogenum facA strains with frequencies up to 27 transformants·μg−1 DNA. Direct selection of transformants was accomplished using acetate and low amounts (0.001%) of glucose as carbon sources. About 50% of the transformants arose by integration of pPC2-3 DNA at the homologous facA locus and 50% by integration elsewhere in the genome. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of part of the cloned fragment showed the presence of an open reading frame of 2007 nucleotides, interrupted by five putative introns. Comparison of the nucleotide and the amino acid sequence of the facA gene of P. chrysogenum with the facA gene of A. nidulans reveals similarities of 80% and 89%, respectively. The putative introns present in the P. chrysogenum facA gene appear at identical positions as those in the A. nidulans facA gene, but show no significant sequence similarity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242947
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of extracellular proteins by the filamentous fungusAspergillus (1992)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 61 (1992), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; glucoamylase overproduction ; calf prochymosine ; protease mutants ofA. niger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00580623
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein targeting and secretion in filamentous fungi (1994)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aspergillus niger ; filamentous fungi ; (conditional) secretion mutants ; reporter/carrier proteins ; subcellular compartments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although the application of filamentous fungi, such asAspergillus niger for the production of extracellular proteins is well established for several decades, hardly any information is available about the molecular mechanisms of the process of protein secretion in these organisms. Two lines of research initiated towards a systematic analysis of the mechanism of protein targeting and secretion are presented in this paper. 1 — To study routing and targeting of proteins in filamentous fungi the availability of a versatile reporter/carrier protein will be of considerable importance. Experiments towards the identification of such a protein are presented. 2 — In analogy to the situation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae, the availability of defined (conditional) mutations in the secretion pathway will provide very important information about the organisation of the pathway. Therefore, based on results obtained inS. cerevisiae, the cloning of several fungal ‘secretion’ genes was started. The results of the cloning and characterisation of one of these genes is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00871949
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