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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG) ; Estrogen dependency ; Danazol ; Age dependency ; T4/TBG ratio ; Thyroxin-bindendes Globulin (TBG) ; Oestrogenabhängigkeit ; Danazol ; Altersabhängigkeit ; T4/TBG-Quotient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zum Aufbau einer spezifischen radioimmunologischen Bestimmungsmethode von Thyroxin-bindendem Globulin (TBG) im Serum wurde eine reine TBG-Präparation hergestellt. Die erste Anreicherung des TBG aus humanem Poolplasma um den Faktor 640 wurde mit einer Affinitätschromatographie über Sepharose 4-B erreicht, an die Trijodthyronin (T3) kovalent gebunden war. Die weitere Reinigung mit einer Gesamtanreicherung um einen Faktor von 4500 erfolgte über Anionenchromatographie (QAE- und DEAE-Sephadex A-50) und Affinitätschromatographie mit Concanavalin A (ConA-Sepharose). Die Wiederfindung von TBG über alle Schritte lag bei 20%. Das isolierte TBG, das in der Disc-Elektrophorese in drei verschiedenen Polyacrylamidkonzentrationen bei zwei verschiedenen pH-Werten (pH 7,0 und pH 8,9) als eine homogene Bande zur Darstellung kam, band Thyroxin (T4) oder Trijodthyronin (T3) äquimolar. Als Zeichen einer „Mikroheterogenität“ kamen beim isoelectric focusing im pH-Bereich von 4,0–4,5 drei Banden zur Darstellung. Der indirekt ermittelte Zuckeranteil der TBG-Präparation betrug 15%. Diese TBG-Präparation wurde zur Immunisierung von Kaninchen und zur125Jod-Markierung mit der Chloramin-T-Methode benutzt. Die Präzision des Radioimmunoassay von TBG von Tag zu Tag war mit einem Variationskoeffizienten von 4,3% gut. Die Verdünnungskurven aller bisher geprüften Serumproben — auch bei quantitativen TBG-Varianten — lagen auf der Kalibrierstandardkurve: Hinweise auf eine immunologische Heterogenität des TBG ergaben sich damit nicht. Bei Kontrollpersonen mit einem mittleren TBG-Spiegel von 23,0±4,0 mg/l (x±s) zeigte sich eine zweigipflige Altersabhängigkeit der TBG-Konzentrationen im Serum: In den ersten vier postnatalen Lebenswochen fanden sich die höchsten TBG-Spiegel, die bis zum generationsfähigen Alter abfielen, um jenseits des 50. Lebensjahres wieder anzusteigen. Nach Abschluß der Perinatalphase bestand eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen dem Gesamt-T4 und TBG. Der T4/TBG-Quotient war altersunabhängig konstant (3,2±0,7;x±s) und folglich der geeignete diagnostische Parameter. Ein Geschlechtsunterschied der TBG-Spiegel fand sich in keinem Lebensalter, ebenso konnten keine zyklischen Schwankungen bei Frauen im generationsfähigen Alter nachgewiesen werden. Der bekannte Anstieg der TBG-Spiegel unter Oestrogeneinfluß konnte bei Frauen (Antiovulantien und Gravidität) und bei Männern (Fosfestrol) quantitativ bestätigt werden. Umgekehrt konnte ein Abfall der TBG-Spiegel bei therapeutisch induziertem Oestrogenmangel (Danazol) erstmals aufgezeigt werden. Bei primären Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen fanden sich keine signifikanten Änderungen der TBG-Spiegel, auch nicht bei direktem Vergleich zwischen Hyperthyreose (20,0±3,5 mg/l) und Hypothyreose (21,6±7,0 mg/l). Veränderte T4/TBG-Quotienten spiegeln bei diesen Erkrankungen folglich die von der Norm abweichende Schilddrüsenfunktion wider. Von diesen Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen lassen sich an Hand der normalen T4/TBG-Quotienten alle Zustände mit erhöhten bzw. erniedrigten Gesamt-T4-Spiegeln abgrenzen, die primär auf einer quantitativen Änderung der TBG-Spiegel beruhen.
    Notes: Summary In order to establish a direct method for the determination of thyroxine-binding globulin, the preparation of TBG was performed by five subsequential chromatographical steps: first, TBG was concentrated 640-fold from pooled human serum by affinity chromatography on agarose to which triiodothyronine was covalently bound over six carbon long spacer groups using the bromine cyanide activation method. The further purification was performed by anion exchange chromatography on QAE- and DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and affinity chromatography for glycoproteins on ConA-Sepharose. The final enrichment of TBG was 4500 fold, the overall yield was approximately 20%. This preparation was shown to be highly purified by disc electrophoresis (three different concentrations of polyacrylamide and two different pH values) and by equimolar binding for T4 and T3. Microheterogeneity was shown by three different protein bands in isoelectric focusing in the pH range from 4.0 to 4.5. The indirectly calculated content of carbohydrates was about 15%. This TBG preparation was used for immunization of rabbits and for labelling with125iodide by the chloramine T-method. The inter assay precision of the radioimmunoassay was satisfactory, the coefficient of variation being 4.3%. Serum dilution curves were found to be on the standard curve, proving no immunological heterogeneity, also in samples from subjects with quantitative TBG-variations. The normal range of TBG levels (23.0±4.0 mg/l,x±SD) was shown to be in good agreement with the literature. But there existed a significant age dependency: The high TBG levels in the neonatal period were found to decrease until the age of 15 years remaining at this low level up to 50 years. Thereafter they increased continously. After the neonatal period there was a significant correlation between total T4 and TBG levels in serum. Consequently the T4/TBG ratio remained constant (3.2±0.7,x±SD), eliminating the age dependency of both, T4 and TBG for diagnostic purposes. There existed no sex differences in any period of life and no fluctuations during menstrual cycle. The estrogen induced rise of TBG levels could be confirmed quantitatively in females (pregnancy and estrogen therapy), similarly in males TBG increase could be demonstrated during fosfestrol therapy. In drug induced states of estrogen deficiency inversely a decrease of TBG levels could be shown in females during danazol therapy. These estrogen influences on TBG seem to be long term effects. Variations of TBG levels in primary thyroid disorders reported in the literature could not be confirmed by the direct radioimmunological measurement: In hyperthyroidism (20.0±3.5 mg/l), endemic goiter (21.1±4.6 mg/l) and hypothyroidism (21.6±7.0 mg/l) TBG was essentially in the normal range. In these states of thyroid disorders the variations of T4/TBG ratio are caused by variations of T4-levels, whereas T4/TBG ratio was found to be normal in states of TBG excess or TBG deficiency. Consequently this T4/TBG ratio was elevated only in hyperthyroidism and decreased only in hypothyroidism.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Therapy of thyroid storm ; Continous plasmapheresis ; Blood-cell separator ; Therapie der thyreotoxischen Krise ; kontinuierliche Plasmapherese ; Blutzellseparator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einem 26jährigen Patienten im thyreotoxischen Koma erwies sich die kontinuierliche Plasmapherese am IBM-Blutzellseparator klinisch als akut wirksame Krisentherapie. Schon während der Plasmapherese mit Austausch von 51 Plasma in 3 1/2 h wurde der Patient aus einem tiefen Koma heraus ansprechbar. Mit den 51 Plasma wurden 633 µg Thyroxin (T4) und 13,6 µg Trijodthyronin (T3) entzogen. Dies führte erstaunlicherweise nicht zu einem Abfall der Gesamtspiegel von T4 und T3 im Serum, ein Befund, der als Hinweis auf einen raschen Rückstrom aus dem Gewebe in die Blutbahn zu interpretieren ist. Die freien Schilddrüsenhormonspiegel nahmen dagegen signifikant ab, erkennbar am Abfall der Werte des T3-in vitro-Tests und der T4- und T3-Ausscheidung im Urin. Diese Befunde zeigen auf, daß neben dem Entzug von Schilddrüsenhormon vor allem die Zufuhr freier Bindungsstellen für Schilddrüsenhormon mit dem Spenderplasma bei der Behandlung der thyreotoxischen Krise von Bedeutung ist.
    Notes: Summary Continous plasmapheresis with the IBM blood cell separator showed to be a successful therapy in a 26 year old patient with thyroid storm. The patient regained consciousness already during plasmapheresis whereby 5 liters of plasma were exchanged within 3.5 h. Althoug 633 µg thyroxine (T4) and 13.6 µg triiodothyronine (T3) were removed with the 51 plasma, no fall occurred in total serum T4 and T3 levels, probably due to the rapid reflux of thyroid hormones from the tissue into the intravascular space. Though total T4 and T3 did not change, there was a significant fall in free thyroid hormone levels documented by reduction of T3-uptake test and particularily of urine T4 and T3 excretion. These findings show that the elevation of thyroid hormone binding sites with donor plasma is even more important than the removal of thyroid hormones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Thyroglobulin ; Endemic goiter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyroglobulin (Tg) levels in serum of patients with diffuse goiter, “cold” nodules and autonomous adenomas were determined before and during TSH-suppressive therapy with thyroid hormones and antithyroid therapy with carbimazole, respectively. In normal controls, Tg was found to be 14.5 ng/ml (median), with a range from 〈10−34 ng/ml (n=27). Tg-levels were significantly elevated in untreated diffuse goiter (median 48 ng/ml, range 〈10−193 ng/ml,n=68,p≦0.001), as well as in goiters with solid cold nodules (median 72.5 ng/ml, range 14−1,183 ng/ml,n=32,p≦0.001). In these cuthyroid disorders there was no difference in basal or stimulated TSH after TRH. The Tg-levels were unsuppressible in most patients with solid “cold” nodules (median 68.5 ng/ml, range ≦10−569,n=13) and in 25% of the patients with diffuse goiter during effective suppression of TSH with thyroid hormone therapy. In autonomous adenomas, Tg-levels were also significantly elevated, irrespective of anti-thyroid treatment. From these data we conclude: 1. The Tg-release is independent from the TSH-stimulation of the thyroid gland in “cold” nodules and autonomous adenomas. 2. Palpatory and scintigraphically defined diffuse goiters are heterogeneous, concerning the Tg-suppressibility in thyroid hormone treatment. This indicates TSH-independent Tg-release and corresponding to solid nodules may indicate autonomously functioning thyroid tissue or leakage of Tg from necrotic follicles, undetectable with conventional diagnostic procedures in vivo. 3. Tg-release seems to be independent from the release of thyroid hormones. The possible diagnostic vlaue to the Tg-determination in euthyroid diffuse goiters during TSH-suppressive therapy may be the indication for partially autonomous or necrotic thyroid tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 45 (1967), S. 323-324 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A group of clinically euthyroid obese patients was found to have significantly lower PBI-values (4,47 γ-%) than controls (5,09 γ-%). Binding of triiodothyronine-125I to serum proteins as estimated by dextran gel filtration was significantly increased in the obese group (87,64 vs. 84,98%).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das proteingebundene Jod im Serum wurde bei einer Gruppe von adipösen Patienten im Mittel signifikant vermindert gegenüber dem Mittelwert eines Normalkollektivs gefunden. Die Bindung von Trijodthyronin-125Jod an Serumproteine war bei Adipositas signifikant erhöht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: TSH stimulation test ; TSH secretion ; nontoxic goiter ; iodine deficiency ; triiodothyronine (nontoxic goiter) ; thyroxine (nontoxic goiter) ; preclinical hypothyroidism ; TRH-Stimulation ; TSH-Sekretion ; blande Struma ; Jodmangel ; Trijodthyronin (blande Struma) ; Thyroxin (blande Struma) ; präklinische Hypothyreose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Etwa 80% der 49 untersuchten Patienten mit blander Struma ließen an Hand der normalen Stimulierbarkeit der TSH-Sekretion durch TRH keinen Schilddrüsenhormonmangel erkennen. Die erhöhte Stimulierbarkeit der TSH-Spiegel bei etwa 20% dieser Patienten weist auf einen peripheren, durch Trijodthyronin-Mehrsekretion nicht voll kompensierten Thyroxinmangel hin (präklinische Hypothyreose). Bei den hier untersuchten Struma-Patienten fand sich keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen Thyroxin-Spiegel und Höhe der TSH-Antwort auf die TRH-Belastung. Die normalen TSH-Spiegel bei euthyreoten Struma-Patienten reichen offenbar zur Unterhaltung einer bestehenden Schilddrüsenvergrößerung aus, während sich eine Struma bei erhöhtem TSH-Spiegel vermutlich gerade in einer Wachstumsphase befindet.
    Notes: Summary 30 min after the administration of 200 µg TRH i.v. the increment of the TSH levels over basal levels (Δ TSH 30 min) was studied in 49 patients with nontoxic goiter. Δ TSH 30 min was within the normal range of controls (n=47, mean±2 SD: 2.73–23.60 µU/ml, log. distribution) in the first goiter group of 38 cases (log. mean: 10.40 µU/ml). In the remaining 11 patients with nontoxic goiter, ΔTSH 30 min was significantly (p〈0.0005) elevated (log. mean 32.40 µU/ml) as compared with controls, indicating incomplete compensation of peripheral thyroxine deficiency by disproportionate elevation of triiodothyronine levels (preclinical hypothyroidism).—No significant negative correlation was found between thyroxine levels and TSH response to TRH in the combined groups of the goiter patients studied. Normal TSH levels in patients with nontoxic goiter provide apparently a basis for persistence of the thyroid enlargement, whereas elevated TSH levels may indicate both a period of thyroid hormone deficiency and of thyroid growth.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Nontoxic goiter ; thyroid hormone therapy ; TRH stimulation test ; TSH secretion ; Blande Struma ; Schilddrüsenhormontherapie ; TRH-Stimulationstest ; TSH-Sekretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die TRH-Belastung erlaubt, für die Schilddrüsenhormonbehandlung der blanden Struma die individuell verschieden hohe Dosis zu ermitteln, welche das TSH unter die Norm supprimiert und ohne Überdosierungserscheinungen die Struma verkleinert.
    Notes: Summary Consecutive TRH stimulation tests were used in order to determine the thyroid hormone dose which effect-tively suppressed the TSH levels below normal values. This procedure provides a means for individual dosage and helps to avoid thyrotoxicosis factitia in nontoxic goiter patients undergoing thyroid hormone therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 51 (1973), S. 138-139 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Newborns ; thyroxine ; 2,3-diphosphoglycerate ; acid-base balance ; hemoglobin-O2-affinity ; Neugeborene ; Thyroxin ; 2,3-Diphosphoglycerat ; Säure-Base-Gleichgewicht ; Hämoglobin-O2-Affinität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 12 gesunden Neugeborenen wurden die 2,3-Diphosphoglycerat-Konzentration im Erythrocyten und die Thyroxinkonzentration im Plasma während der ersten 2 Lebenswochen bestimmt. Aus den erhobenen Befunden wird geschlossen, daß Thyroxin die 2,3-Diphosphoglyceratsynthese steigert. Damit leitet Thyroxin, über das 2,3-Diphosphoglycerat, die postnatal beschleunigt einsetzende Abnahme der Hämoglobin-O2-Affinität ein, womit eine erleichterte O2-Abgabe an die Gewebe verbunden ist.
    Notes: Summary In 12 healthy newborn infants, red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and plasma thyroxine levels were studied during the first 2 weeks of life. The data obtained indicate that thyroxine increases the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration in the erythrocytes. Thus, thyroxine initiates via 2,3-diphosphoglycerate the accelerated decline of hemoglobin oxygen affinity taking place after birth, which facilates oxygen release from hemoglobin to the tissues.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Thyroidal autoregulation ; endemic goiter ; T3/T4 ratio ; KI treatment ; Autoregulation der Schilddrüse ; endemische Struma ; T3/T4-Quotient ; Kaliumjodidbehandlung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 16 Patienten mit blander Struma kam es bereits nach 4-wöchentlicher Behandlung mit täglich nur 200 µg Kaliumjodid zu einer Normalisierung des zuvor erhöhten T3/T4-Quotienten. Die TSH-Spiegel zeigten unter dieser Kaliumjodidbehandlung dagegen keine meßbaren Veränderungen. Die Schilddrüse besitzt demnach offensichtlich auch beim Menschen die Fähigkeit, die Synthese und Sekretion der beiden Schilddrüsenhormone T3 und T4 unabhängig vom TSH der jeweiligen Jodzufuhr anzupassen (sog. Autoregulation der jeweiligen Jodzufuhr anzupassen (sog. Autoregulation der Schilddrüse).
    Notes: Summary In iodine deficiency areas, an increased T3/T4 ratio in serum was reported earlier. In this study the influence of potassium iodide on the T3/T4 ratio was investigated. Treatment with 200 µg KI per day for only 4 weeks normalized the initially elevated T3/T4 ratio in 16 nontoxic goiter patients (24.6±9.9×10−3, mean ±S.D., before, respectively 18.9±5.5×10−3 after KI treatment,p〈0.0025). The mean basal TSH levels (1.42±0.68 before, respectively 1.29±0.52 µU/ml after KI), and the TSH increase 30 min after 200 µg TRH i.v. (5.54±4.22 and 6.50±5.09 µU/ml, respectively) did not change significantly. Since the normalization of the T3/T4 ratio in nontoxic goiter patients was independent from changes in the TSH levels, this effect of KI obviously represents an example of thyroidal autoregulation.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Glomus etunicatum ; Glomus scintillans ; Intrasplenic immunization ; Immunogold-silver staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against surface antigens of chlamydospores of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi by immunizing mice with crushed or complete spores. The intrasplenic approach proved to be superior to the intraperitoneal method of immunization with regard to the amount of antigen required for the immune response. The hybridoma technology was combined with an improved screening procedure, applying an immunogold-silver staining technique to semi-thin sections of spores. In this way, mAbs to surface antigens on the outer wall could be selected. Two mAbs were raised against Glomus etunicatum and G. scintillans spores. Cross-reactivities of the antibodies to other structures of the fungus, to other species of Glomus and to other soil-borne fungi were tested with indirect immunofluorescent labelling. The mAbs did not react with non-AM fungi. One mAb (A5B1) selectively recognized G. etunicatum, another (D12F11) exhibited limited interspecies cross-reactivities. One further mAb (H8F7), which reacted with spores of all AM fungi but not with other fungi, was shown to be specific for Bacillus mycoides. The implications are discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 52 (1983), S. 311-313 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual vestibular interaction ; onflicting sensory stimulation ; Vestibular nuclei activity ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixty-two of 95 units within the vestibular nuclei of 24 hooded, Long-Evans rats were found to respond to both linear accelerations on a parallel swing and to linear movements of the visual field. The addition of visual clues during periods of linear accelerations produced a phase shift in the majority of the units towards the maximal acceleration of the animal, and an increase in the peak activity during the periods of maximal acceleration. Conflicting visual-vestibular stimulation resulted in reduced directional sensitivity and lower rates of firing in visually sensitive units.
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