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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Golgi study of Bergmann glial cells in developing rat cerebellum (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 167 (1983), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Postnatal development ; Bergmann glial cells ; Rat ; Cerebellum ; Golgi study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to examine the relationship between the Bergmann glial cells and the migrating granule cells, the postnatal development of the Bergmann glial cells in the rat cerebellum was analysed by a rapid Golgi method. In newborn rats where immature Purkinje cells occupied a rather thick zone (about 8 cells thick) between the thin molecular layer and the intermediate zone, immature Bergmann glial cells were recognized by the irregularly contoured somata situated within the deep part of the zone of Purkinje cells and by several perpendicular thin fibers (filiform fibers) which traversed the external granular layer (EGL) to terminate at the pial surface. After day 2 of the postnatal age (PD2), both somata and fibers of Bergmann glial cells showed gradual or fairly abrupt changes. The somata migrated upwards toward the molecular layer on PD2 and on PD4 were situated just beneath the Purkinje cells which had become arranged in a single layer. After PD6 the distance between the pial surface and the somata situated in the Purkinje cell layer and concomitantly the length of the Bergmann glial fibers, progressively increased in accordance with the thickening of the molecular layer. Between PD0 and PD8 the somata were irregularly contoured with short protoplasmic processes exteding radially. After PD8 they gradually lost these short processes and became smooth. The Bergmann glial fibers were rather smooth with a few beady enlargements and tiny bud-like excrescences on their surface between PD0 and PD8. On PD12 the bushy expansions, characteristic of matured Bergmann glial fibers, suddenly increased in number on most fibers. After PD12 they continued to augment until PD25, when most fibers were entirely covered with the expansions. The number of fibers issuing from each Bergmann glial cell and entering the EGL increased postnatally reaching a peak on PD8, and then decreased gradually. These changes in the number of Bergmann glial fibers corresponded well with those in the number of external granule cells, suggesting the presence of developmental interactions between these two kinds of cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298510
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and temporal pattern of postnatal proliferation of Bergmann glial cells in rat cerebellum: An autoradiographic study (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 167 (1983), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Proliferation ; Bergmann glial cell ; Cerebellum ; Rat ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to examine the relationship between the Bergmann glial cells and the migrating granule cells, the development of the Bergmann glial cells in the rat cerebellum was studied with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. 3H-thymidine was injected intraperitoneally into rats on two days successively between days 2 and 21 of the postnatal age (PD2 and PD21). All animals were sacrificed on PD25 and the vermis of the cerebellum was embedded in epoxy resin. Semithin sections were cut sagittally for autoradiography. The labeling index of the Bergmann glial cells in lobules I, II, III, IV, V, VIa, VIII, IX, and X reached the peak on PD6–7, and in lobules VIb and VII on PD8–9. Moreover, the lobules could be divided into three groups according to the day when cumulative labeling indices reached 50% of the total ones (LI50): The early-developing group (LI50; PD4.4–5.2) contained lobules I, II, III, IV, and V, the intermediate group (LI50; PD5.3–6.1) lobules VIa, VIII, IX, and X, and the late-developing group (LI50; PD6.6–7.8) lobules VIb and VII. The regional gradient of LI50 in the Bergmann glial cells corresponded approximately to the regional gradient in the ratio of lateforming granule cells; that is, the later the LI50 of the Bergmann glial cells, the higher is the ratio of the late-forming granule cells. This suggests that an intimate relationship exists between these two kinds of cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298511
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of vomeronasal organ cultures from fetal rat (1995)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 191 (1995), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Sensory cell ; Supporting cell Vomeronasal epithelium ; Organotypic culture Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The vomeronasal organs (VNOs) of rats were cultured from embryonic 15-day littermates on collagen-coated membrane in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing serum. The explants were observed sequentially and fixed at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 14 days in vitro (DIV). Organogenesis of VNOs and cell differentiation took place in vitro. Patterns of organogenesis of the VNO in vitro were different from those in vivo. Both sensory and supporting cells in the sensory epithelium had microvilli on their surface. Epithelial cells in aggregates of non-sensory epithelial cells had cilia and microvilli on their surface. Vomeronasal axons forming two to three large fascicles were seen originating from the VNO at 4, 6, and 8 DIV, and degenerated at 10 or 14 DIV. Glial cells (ensheathing cells) were observed in the fascicles. These morphological characteristics of VNO cells in vitro were similar to those observed in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215294
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coculture of the vomeronasal organ and olfactory bulb of the fetal rat (1995)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 192 (1995), S. 415-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Vomeronasal axon ; Fasciculation ; Synapse ; Organotypic culture ; Rat ; Vomeronasal system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The vomeronasal organ and the olfactory bulb of the rat were cocultured from 15-day embryo siblings on collagen-coated membrane in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing fetal calf serum, horse serum, and antibiotics. At 4 days in vitro (DIV), vomeronasal axons forming two to three large fascicles were seen originating from the explants of the vomeronasal organ. Differential axonal growth was observed. Some fascicles made connections with the explants of the olfactory bulb. Twenty percent of the cocultures studied here showed the formation of connections. At 6–10 DIV many fascicles that did not connect with the olfactory bulb had degenerated, and large fascicles that were connected with the olfactory bulb survived for more than 10 DIV. The formation of connections between the vomeronasal organ and the olfactory bulb in coculture favors the survival of large nerve fascicles, but it could not be determined whether or not the presence of the olfactory bulb affects the initial orientation of the fibers and fascicles from the explants of the vomeronasal organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240374
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axonal growth of newly formed vomeronasal receptor neurons after nerve transection (1999)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 200 (1999), S. 413-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Receptor cell ; Axon ; Vomeronasal organ ; Regeneration ; Rat ; HRP-WGA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chemosensory neurons in the vomeronasal epithelium (vomeronasal neurons) regenerate following experimentally induced degeneration. Transection of the vomeronasal nerves leads to retrograde degeneration of vomeronasal neurons followed by replacement of the cell population. The projection of the axons of regenerated vomeronasal neurons was examined by horseradish peroxidase(HRP) histochemistry and electron microscopy. HRP-wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was placed on the surface of the vomeronasal organ of the rat. Dense distribution of HRP-labeled fibers was observed in the vomeronasal nerve and glomerular layers in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of the intact rat. At one week after transection, HRP-labeled fibers were not found in the AOB, and no labeled fibers could be observed on the medial surface of the olfactory bulb where the vomeronasal nerve traversed. Three weeks after transection, labeled fiber bundles were observed on the medial surface of the olfactory bulb in all animals. No labeled fibers were detected in the AOB. From 12 to 32 weeks after transection, projection of HRP-labeled fibers was identified in the AOB in 8 out of 26 rats (the incidence of projection was 30%). But the number of projection fibers on the operated side was much smaller than on the control side. Electron microscopy confirmed that the HRP-labeled terminals make synaptic contacts with neurons in the AOB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050290
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface changes in the rat vomeronasal epithelium during degeneration and regeneration of sensory receptor cells (2000)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 467-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Pheromone ; Supporting cell ; Vomeronasal organ ; Olfaction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  To investigate cell turnover in the vomeronasal epithelium we used electron microscopy to obtain quantitative measurements of changes observed at the surface of the sensory epithelium. Receptor cell degeneration was induced by sensory nerve transection and animals were examined at postoperative recovery times of 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 35 and 60 days. We measured the number and density of receptor and supporting cells, and membrane length at the surface of the sensory epithelium. The number of receptor cells rapidly decreased during the degeneration period, reaching a minimum at 6 days. After 15 days of recovery the number and density of receptor cells returned to control levels. The surface membrane length for regenerated receptor cells was similar to that of controls, however the morphological appearance was characteristic of immature cells. In contrast to the receptor cells, the number and density of supporting cells did not change during degeneration and regeneration. However, there was a significant increase in the length of supporting cell-surface membranes. These results suggest that during receptor cell degeneration, supporting cell membranes compensate for the loss of receptor cells by expanding their surface membrane length to help to maintain the continuity of the epithelial surface. Thus, an important role of vomeronasal supporting cells may be to maintain the structural integrity of the epithelium during turnover of the receptor cell population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050333
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A developmental study using three antibodies (VOBM1, VOBM2, and VOM2): immunocytochemical and electron microscopical analysis of the luminal surface of the rat vomeronasal sensory epithelium (1999)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 199 (1999), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Vomeronasal organ ; Microvilli ; Monoclonal antibody ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The development of the rat vomeronasal organ was studied morphologically and immunocytochemically, using the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) VOBM1, VOBM2 and VOM2 that react with the luminal surface of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium. Postnatal day (P) 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and adult animals were examined. The vomeronasal organ and the blood vessel of the organ markedly increased in size and the vomeronasal glands increased in number between P7 and P14. At P35, the shape of the vomeronasal organ was similar to that of the adult but its size was slightly smaller. Electron microscopy showed that only a few scattered microvilli were present on supporting cells, and receptor cells were immature at P7. At P21, well-branched microvilli of the receptor cells and many microvilli of the supporting cells were observed on the luminal surface of the sensory epithelium. At P35, most apical endings of supporting cells and receptor cells were covered with numerous microvilli. Less developed areas were also present at the luminal surface of the epithelium at P35. At P7, immunoreactivities of the three antibodies were observed as discontinuous thin-layered bands only on the luminal surface of the sensory epithelium and no immunoreactivity was observed in other regions of the vomeronasal organ. Immunoreactivities of the VOBM1, VOBM2 and VOM2 increased with age and were observed as continuous thin-layered bands on the luminal surface of the epithelium by P35. These finding suggest that the development of the vomeronasal organ continues after birth and that the organ may reach maturity just before puberty (P42–49).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050222
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distinct aggregation and cell death patterns among different types of primary neurons induced by mutant huntingtin protein (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 89 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aggregation of disease proteins is believed to be a central event in the pathology of polyglutamine diseases, whereas the relationship between aggregation and neuronal death remains controversial. We investigated this question by expressing mutant huntingtin (htt) with a defective adenovirus in different types of neurons prepared from rat cerebral cortex, striatum or cerebellum. The distribution pattern of inclusions is not identical among different types of primary neurons. On day 2 after infection, cytoplasmic inclusions are dominant in cortical and striatal neurons, whereas at day 4 the ratio of nuclear inclusions overtakes that of cytoplasmic inclusions. Meanwhile, nuclear inclusions are always predominantly present in cerebellar neurons. The percentage of inclusion-positive cells is highest in cerebellar neurons, whereas mutant htt induces cell death most remarkably in cortical neurons. As our system uses htt exon 1 protein and thus aggregation occurs independently from cleavage of the full-length htt, our observations indicate that the aggregation process is distinct among different neurons. Most of the neurons containing intracellular (either nuclear or cytoplasmic) aggregates are viable. Our findings suggest that the process of mutant htt aggregation rather than the resulting inclusion body is critical for neuronal cell death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02372.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remodeling of reciprocal synapses associated with persistence of long-term memory (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We investigated a model of long-term memory in which the female mouse establishes pheromonal memory of its partner at mating. We examined the reciprocal synapses of the accessory olfactory bulb and found that pheromonal memory was associated with morphological changes in excitatory synapses in the early phase of memory acquisition and by changes in inhibitory synapses in the late phases of memory persistence. After extinction of pheromonal memory, these morphological changes were no longer present. These findings suggest that the persistence of pheromonal memory is associated with continuous and dynamic changes in the morphological plasticity of reciprocal synapses in the accessory olfactory bulb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03271.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bicuculline induces synapse formation on primary cultured accessory olfactory bulb neurons (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 18 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the roles of the GABAergic inhibitory system of accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) in pheromonal memory formation, we have developed a primary culture system of AOB neurons, which had numerous excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Using this culture system of AOB neurons, we examined the correlation in rats between neuronal excitation and synaptic morphology by bicuculline-induced disinhibition of cultured AOB neurons. The exposure to bicuculline induced long-lasting oscillatory changes in the intracellular calcium level ([Ca2+]in) of cultured non-GABAergic multipolar neurons, which were identified as mitral/tufted cells (MT cells). These MT cells exhibited the appearance of dendritic filopodia structures after a 10-min treatment with bicuculline. By labelling presynaptic terminals with FM4-64, the appearance of new presynaptic terminals was clearly observed on newly formed filopodia after 120 min treatment with bicuculline. These results suggest that bicuculline-induced [Ca2+]in oscillation of MT cells induces the growth of filopodia and subsequently the formation of new presynaptic terminals. Furthermore, tetrodotoxin or the deprivation of extracellular calcium blocked bicuculline-induced synapse formation. The present results indicate that the long-lasting [Ca2+]in oscillation caused by bicuculline-induced disinhibition of cultured MT cells is significantly implicated in the mechanism underlying synapse formation on cultured AOB neurons. Our established culture system of AOB neurons will aid in clarifying the mechanism of synapse formation between AOB neurons and the molecular mechanism of pheromonal memory formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02901.x
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