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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IN VIVO ACTIVATION OF ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC CD4 T CELLS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 19 (2001), S. 23-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Physical detection of antigen-specific CD4 T cells has revealed features of the in vivo immune response that were not appreciated from in vitro studies. In vivo, antigen is initially presented to naive CD4 T cells exclusively by dendritic cells within the T cell areas of secondary lymphoid tissues. Anatomic constraints make it likely that these dendritic cells acquire the antigen at the site where it enters the body. Inflammation enhances in vivo T cell activation by stimulating dendritic cells to migrate to the T cell areas and display stable peptide-MHC complexes and costimulatory ligands. Once stimulated by a dendritic cell, antigen-specific CD4 T cells produce IL-2 but proliferate in an IL-2-independent fashion. Inflammatory signals induce chemokine receptors on activated T cells that direct their migration into the B cell areas to interact with antigen-specific B cells. Most of the activated T cells then die within the lymphoid tissues. However, in the presence of inflammation, a population of memory T cells survives. This population is composed of two functional classes. One recirculates through nonlymphoid tissues and is capable of immediate effector lymphokine production. The other recirculates through lymph nodes and quickly acquires the capacity to produce effector lymphokines if stimulated. Therefore, antigenic stimulation in the presence of inflammation produces an increased number of specific T cells capable of producing effector lymphokines throughout the body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.23
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of adoptive transfer of T-cell antigen-receptor-transgenic T cells for the study of T-cell activation in vivo (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Immunological reviews 156 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary: Adoptive transfer of TCR-transgenic T cells uniformly expressing an identifiable TCR of known peptide/MHC specificity can be used to monitor the in vivo behavior of antigen-specific T cells. We have used this system to show that naive T cells are initially activated within the T-cell zones of secondary lymphoid tissue to prohferate in a B7-dependent manner. If adjuvants or inflammatory cytokines are present during this period, enhanced numbers of T cells accumulate, migrate into B-cell-rich follicles, and acquire the capacity to produce IFN-7 and help B cells produce IgG2a. If inflammation is absent, most of the initially activated antigen-specific T cells disappear without entering the follicles and the survivors are poor producers of IL-2 and IFN-γ Our results indicate that inflammatory mediators play a key role in regulating the anatomic location, clonal expansion, survival and lymphokine production potential of antigen-stimulated T cells in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00959.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of age on renal graft survival in children after the first rejection episode (1996)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 10 (1996), S. 474-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words: Renal transplantation   ;   Graft rejection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Infants are thought to be more immunoreactive and at a greater risk for developing irreversible rejection compared with older children. We investigated this by analyzing patient and graft survival rates, incidence of acute rejection, reversibility of acute rejection, development of a subsequent acute rejection, and incidence of graft loss due to rejection in 154 children (〈18 years of age) after primary renal transplantation. Most patients (n = 139) were treated with quadruple immunosuppression (antibody, azathioprine, prednisone, cyclosporine). Treatment of the first acute rejection episode (ARE) consisted of antibody and increased prednisone (68%) or increased prednisone alone (30%), and was not significantly different between the age groups. Transplants were from living donors (LRD) in 80% of cases. Patients were followed for at least 1 year (mean 58±30 months); 68% (105/154) of recipients experienced 1 or more ARE. The incidence of ARE was significantly lower in patients 〈2 years of age (45%) compared with patients 2 – 5 (76%, P = 0.01), 6 – 12 (78%, P = 0.005), and 13 – 17 (76%, P = 0.009) years of age. There was no significant difference in the 1-, 2- and 5-year patient or graft survival rates, the development of a subsequent acute rejection, or the incidence of graft loss due to acute rejection when analyzed by age group. These data suggest that the impact of an ARE is similar for younger and older children in our population receiving predominantly LRD transplants and quadruple immunosuppression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004670050142
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Racial differences in the incidence and renal outcome of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children (1991)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 5 (1991), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Nephrotic syndrome ; Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ; Racial differences ; End-stage renal disease ; Cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The North American Pediatric Registry reports that from 1987 to 1989 blacks and Hispanic children accounted for 23% of all renal transplants performed but 38% of those performed for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). From these data, we infer that blacks and Hispanics form a disproportionate number of FSGS patients who progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) compared with white children. To explore this hypothesis we assessed our single-center experience of FSGS comparing black and Hispanic with white children. Of 177 black and Hispanic children followed in our clinic for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) between 1974 and 1989, 57 were diagnosed as having FSGS (group I). The mean age at onset of NS of these group I patients was 7.3±4.6 years and the mean duration of follow-up was 8.25±4.3 years. During the same period, 13 of 65 white patients (group II) with idiopathic NS were found to have FSGS. Their mean age (7.8±4.8 years) and duration of follow-up (8.8±4.8 years) were similar. Therapeutic modalities in the two groups were also similar. Of group I patients, 78% (42/54) reached ESRD compared with 33% (4/12) of group II patients (P〈0.01). Life table analysis showed that 50% of black and Hispanic children will reach ESRD within 3 years of FSGS. In a subset of patients, multiple regression analysis revealed that the higher the serum creatinine at the onset of NS (P〈0.01,r=0.519), and the higher the serum cholesterol at the onset of NS (P〈0.02,r=0.511), the more rapid the progression to ESRD. Based on our findings, a national survey to determine if FSGS is more virulent in black and Hispanic children is warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01453661
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prednisone inhibits the efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone in pediatric renal transplant recipients (1994)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 8 (1994), S. 112-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00868286
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analytical review of growth hormone studies in children after renal transplantation (1995)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 9 (1995), S. S61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Recombinant human growth hormone ; Post transplant course
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract With steady improvement in 1- and 5-year patient and graft survivals in the last decade, rehabilitation of the child is the major focus of the transplant physician. The notion that the elimination of the uremic milieu should enable children to grow has not been born out over time, and growth retardation continues to be a serious morbidity in many children despite a well-functioning renal allograft. In children with chronic renal failure prior to renal transplantation, recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has been recently shown in controlled trials to improve growth. The use of rhGH in children after renal transplantation is controversial, since uncontrolled studies have questioned its safety. Acute rejection and graft loss have been reported in children after the initiation of rhGH. This study analyzes the data regarding the safety and efficacy of rhGH in children after renal transplantation as presented in seven current published reports. The demographic characteristics of the patients, the dose and duration of rhGH therapy, the “growth” rates of the patients before and after rhGH therapy, renal function before and after rhGH therapy, and other possible complications are reviewed. Based on this analysis, suggestions for future studies are made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867687
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