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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 16 (1983), S. 1271-1279 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 649-655 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; hearing impairment ; WBN/Kob rats ; inner ear ; lectins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inner ear of spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob rats was functionally and morphologically examined in order to elucidate the relationship between diabetes mellitus and hearing impairment. At 3 months of age, WBN/Kob rats were non-diabetic, and their hearing function was normal. At 6–7 months of age, they showed decreased glucose tolerance and an increasing tendency toward urinary excretion of glucose without high plasma concentration of glucose, and were therefore judged to be pre-diabetic. They also displayed a significant elevation of hearing threshold in the auditory brainstem response, but showed little morphological and histochemical changes in the inner ear. At 12–13 months of age, they were spontaneously diabetic and showed a more apparent elevation of hearing threshold in auditory brainstem response than that in pre-diabetic animals. In addition, they displayed a marked decrease in the number of spiral ganglion cells and oedematous changes in the stria vascularis. The stria vascularis also showed a decrease in the intensity of staining with some lectins, i. e., wheat germ agglutinin, succinylated wheat germ agglutinin, Soranum tuberosum lectin, and concanavalin A. In conclusion, hearing impairment is induced by diabetes in the WBN/ Kob rats first as an elevation of hearing threshold along with glucose intolerance; secondly, as a decrease in the number of spiral ganglion cells; and thirdly, as oedematous change of the stria vascularis with decreased intensity of lectin staining.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords PGP 9.5 ; hearing impairment ; diabetes mellitus ; WBN/Kob rats ; cochlea.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mechanism of hearing impairment due to diabetes mellitus was examined in relation to changes in the level of the immunoreaction for the protein gene product 9.5 in the cochlea of spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob rats. At 7 months (33 weeks) of age, when half of the males of this strain manifest diabetes, male WBN/Kob rats were divided into two groups as follows: one group consisted of prediabetic animals showing slightly decreased tolerance to glucose with a normal plasma concentration of glucose, normal urinary excretion of glucose, and functional hearing impairment (assessed in terms of elevation of hearing threshold). The second group consisted of diabetic animals with glucose intolerance, high plasma glucose level, polyuria, urinary glucose excretion, and more apparent elevation of hearing threshold. According to morphometric analysis of the spiral ganglion, the number of ganglion cells was significantly smaller in both the prediabetic and the diabetic animals than in the age-matched control Wistar rats. The staining intensity for protein gene product 9.5 was increased in some spiral ganglion cells of diabetic animals, but decreased in others according to quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. On the other hand, the immunoreactivity for protein gene product 9.5 was similar in the prediabetic animals to that in the control Wistar rats. These results suggest that numerical and immunohistochemical changes in the spiral ganglion cells reflect the onset and degree of the diabetic hearing impairment. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 173–178]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 649-655 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Diabetes mellitus ; hearing impairment ; WBN/Kob rats ; inner ear ; lectins.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inner ear of spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob rats was functionally and morphologically examined in order to elucidate the relationship between diabetes mellitus and hearing impairment. At 3 months of age, WBN/Kob rats were non-diabetic, and their hearing function was normal. At 6–7 months of age, they showed decreased glucose tolerance and an increasing tendency toward urinary excretion of glucose without high plasma concentration of glucose, and were therefore judged to be pre-diabetic. They also displayed a significant elevation of hearing threshold in the auditory brainstem response, but showed little morphological and histochemical changes in the inner ear. At 12–13 months of age, they were spontaneously diabetic and showed a more apparent elevation of hearing threshold in auditory brainstem response than that in pre-diabetic animals. In addition, they displayed a marked decrease in the number of spiral ganglion cells and oedematous changes in the stria vascularis. The stria vascularis also showed a decrease in the intensity of staining with some lectins, i. e., wheat germ agglutinin, succinylated wheat germ agglutinin, Soranum tuberosum lectin, and concanavalin A. In conclusion, hearing impairment is induced by diabetes in the WBN/Kob rats first as an elevation of hearing threshold along with glucose intolerance; secondly, as a decrease in the number of spiral ganglion cells; and thirdly, as oedematous change of the stria vascularis with decreased intensity of lectin staining. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 649–655]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex, dysplasia ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry ; Muscular dystrophy, congenital ; Neuronal migration ; Pia mater ; Radial glia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 23-week fetus who is thought to be affected with Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is reported. Cortical dysplasia of the cerebrum was extensive and could be categorized into three major types. The cerebral cortex was thoroughly covered by glio-mesenchymal tissue (extracortical glial layer), in which neuronal clusters were irregularly scattered. Radial bundles of neuroglial tissue frequently extended from the cortex into the extra-cortical glial layer through the focally defective molecular layer and pia mater. The deep cerebral structures, such as basal ganglia, thalamus and white matter, appeared normal in contrast with extensive malformation in the cortex. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoperoxidase stain revealed: (1) presence of abundant radial glial fibers in the ventricular, subventricular and intermediate zones; (2) focal or diffuse lack of glia limitans; (3) focal derangement of radial glial fibers; and (4) proliferation of stellate glial cells in the extra-cortical layer. It is suggested that ectopic accumulation of neurons into the extra-cortical glial layer seems a cardinal pathogenetic process to generate cortical dysplasia in FCMD. Early development of superficial glio-mesenchymal tissue seems essential for upward displacement of migrating neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 133 (1993), S. 29-41 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: inwardly and outwardly rectifying K+ currents ; BK channels ; TEA ; Ba2+ ; Cs+ ; sheep parotid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary We have used whole-cell patch-clamp techniques to examine the sensitivities of the inwardly and the outwardly rectifying K+ currents in sheep parotid cells to K+ channel blockers. Extracellular tetraethylammonium (ID50 ≈ 200 μmol/liter), quinine (ID50 ≈ 100 μmol/liter), verapamil (ID50 ≈ 30 μmol/liter) and charybdotoxin (ID50 〈 0.1 μmol/liter) reduced the outwardly rectifying current but had no effect on the inwardly rectifying current. Quinidine inhibited the outwardly rectifying current (ID50 ≈ 200 μmol/liter) and, at a concentration of 1 mmol/liter, reduced the inwardly rectifying current by 35%. Extracellular Ba2+ inhibited both the inwardly and outwardly rectifying K+ currents but the inwardly rectifying K+ current was more sensitive to it (ID50 ≈ 1 μmol/liter) than was the outwardly rectifying K+ current (ID50 ≈ 2 mmol/liter). Extracellular Cs+ reduced the inwardly rectifying K+ current (ID50 ≈ 100 μmol/liter) without affecting the outwardly rectifying current; 4-aminopyridine (1 or 10 mmol/liter), lidocaine (0.1 or 1 mmol/liter) and flecainide (0.01 or 0.1 mmol/liter) affected neither current. In excised outsideout patches, the addition to the bath of quinine (100 μmol/liter), quinidine (100 μmol/liter), verapamil (100 μmol/liter) or charybdotoxin (100 nmol/liter) inhibited Ca2+- and voltage-sensitive 250 pS K+ channels (BK channels), but 4-aminopyridine (1 mmol/ liter) and lidocaine (0.1 mmol/liter) did not. The pattern of blocker sensitivities is thus consistent with the hypothesis that BK channels are responsible for the outwardly rectifying whole-cell current seen in resting sheep parotid cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 135 (1993), S. 261-271 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Anion current ; NPPB ; DIDS ; Furosemide ; Whole-cell patch clamp ; Sheep parotid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have shown that the whole-cell current-voltage (I-V) relation of unstimulated sheep parotid cells is dominated by two K+ conductances, one outwardly and the other inwardly rectifying. We now show that once these K+ conductances are blocked by replacement of pipette K+ with Na+ and by the addition of 5 mmol/liter CsCl to the bath, there remains an outwardly rectifying conductance with a reversal potential of 0 mV. Replacement of 120 mmol/liter NaCl in the pipette solution with an equimolar amount of Na-glutamate shifted the reversal potential of this residual current to -55 mV, indicating that the conductance was Cl− selective. The Cl− current was activated by increasing the free Ca2+ in the pipette solution from 10 to 100 nmol/liter. When the Ca2+ concentration in the pipette solution was 10 nmol/liter, the relaxations observed in response to membrane depolarization could be fitted with a single exponential, whose time constant increased from 81 to 183 ms as the pipette potential was increased from -30 to +60 mV. Relaxation analysis showed that the current was activated by membrane depolarization. Reversal potential measurements in experiments in which external Cl− was replaced with various anions, gave the following relative permeabilities: SCN- (1.80) 〉 I- (1.09) 〉 CI- (1) 〉 NO 3 - (0.92) 〉 Br- (0.75). The relative conductances were: SCN- (2.18) 〉 I- (1.07) 〉 Cl− (1.00) 〉 Br- (0.91) 〉 NO 3 - (0.50). The Cl− current was blocked by NPPB (ID50 ≈ 10 μm), DIDS (10 or 30 μmol/liter) and furosemide (100 μmol/liter).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 153 (1996), S. 147-159 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Key words: Salivary acinar cells — Ca2+-activated Cl− channels — Bicarbonate — Weak acids — ATP — Fluid secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract. A Ca2+-activated Cl− conductance in rat submandibular acinar cells was identified and characterized using whole-cell patch-clamp technique. When the cells were dialyzed with Cs-glutamate-rich pipette solutions containing 2 mm ATP and 1 μm free Ca2+ and bathed in N-methyl-d-glucamine chloride (NMDG-Cl) or Choline-Cl-rich solutions, they mainly exhibited slowly activating currents. Dialysis of the cells with pipette solutions containing 300 nm or less than 1 nm free Ca2+ strongly reduced the Cl− currents, indicating the currents were Ca2+-dependent. Relaxation analysis of the ``on'' currents of slowly activating currents suggested that the channels were voltage-dependent. The anion permeability sequence of the Cl− channels was: NO− 3 (2.00) 〉 I− (1.85) ≥ Br− (1.69) 〉 Cl− (1.00) 〉 bicarbonate (0.77) ≥ acetate (0.70) 〉 propionate (0.41) ≫ glutamate (0.09). When the ATP concentration in the pipette solutions was increased from 0 to 10 mm, the Ca2+-dependency of the Cl− current amplitude shifted to lower free Ca2+ concentrations by about two orders of magnitude. Cells dialyzed with a pipette solution (pCa = 6) containing ATP-γS (2 mm) exhibited currents of similar magnitude to those observed with the solution containing ATP (2 mm). The addition of the calmodulin inhibitors trifluoperazine (100 μm) or calmidazolium (25 μm) to the bath solution and the inclusion of KN-62 (1 μm), a specific inhibitor of calmodulin kinase, or staurosporin (10 nm), an inhibitor of protein kinase C to the pipette solution had little, if any, effect on the Ca2+-activated Cl− currents. This suggests that Ca2+/Calmodulin or calmodulin kinase II and protein kinase C are not involved in Ca2+-activated Cl− currents. The outward Cl− currents at +69 mV were inhibited by NPPB (100 μm), IAA-94 (100 μm), DIDS (0.03–1 mm), 9-AC (300 μm and 1 mm) and DPC (1 mm), whereas the inward currents at −101 mV were not. These results demonstrate the presence of a bicarbonate- and weak acid-permeable Cl− conductance controlled by cytosolic Ca2+ and ATP levels in rat submandibular acinar cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 131 (1993), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: sheep parotid ; K+ channel ; inward rectifier ; whole-cell currents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques, we demonstrate that sheep parotid secretory cells have both inwardly and outwardly rectifying currents. The outwardly rectifying current, which is blocked by 10 mmol/liter tetraethylammonium (TEA) applied extracellularly, is probably carried by the 250 pS Ca2+-and voltage-activated K+ (BK) channel which has been described in previous studies. In contrast, the inwardly rectifying current, which is also carried by K+ ions, is not sensitive to TEA. It is similar to the inwardly rectifying currents observed in many excitable tissues in that (i) its conductance is dependent on the square root of the extracellular K+, (ii) the voltage range over which it is activated is influenced by the extracellular K+ concentration and (iii) it is blocked by the addition of Cs+ ions (670 µmol/liter) to the bathing solution. Our previously published cell-attached patch studies have shown that the channel type most commonly observed in the basolateral membrane of unstimulated sheep parotid secretory cells is a K+ channel with a conductance of 30 pS and, in this study, we find that its conductance also depends on the square root of the extracellular K+ concentration. It thus seems likely that it carries the inwardly rectifying K+ current seen in the whole-cell studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cellulase ; Aspergillus kawachii ; cDNA cloning ; Expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cDNA encoding the endo-β-1,4-glucanase (carboxymethylcellulase; CMCase-I) from Aspergillus kawachii IFO 4308 was cloned. Nucleotide-sequence analysis of the cloned cDNA insert showed a 717-bp open reading frame that encoded a protein of 239 amino-acid residues. The predicted amino-acid sequence of the mature protein had considerable homology with the protein sequence of the FI-CMCase of Aspergillus aculeatus. The cDNA was introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expressed enzyme had carboxylmethylcellulase acitivity, identified by clear zones on a CMC-agar plate after Congo Red staining.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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