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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 185-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Basal Plate ; Cytotrophoblast ; Decidua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Basalplatte der reifen menschlichen Placenta laufen Zellreifung und Zelluntergang nebeneinander ab. Man findet bei verschiedenen Zellarten alle Zwischenstadien von undifferenzierten Stammzellen bis zu degenerierenden Formen. Die enzymhistochemische Untersuchung dieses Gewebes ermöglicht innerhalb des Cytotrophoblasten die Darstellung von drei Entwicklungsreihen: Der primär basale Cytotrophoblast stammt von Zellen ab, die schon während der frühen Schwangerschaft in die Basalplatte eingewandert sind. Diese Zellen differenzieren sich überwiegend zu homogenen X-Zellen (a). Es gibt Hinweise dafür, daß sie endokrin aktiv sind. In Regionen intensiver Durchmischung mit der Decidua entwickeln sich stark vakuolisierte X-Zellen (b). Sie zeichnen sich durch den Gehalt an saurer Phosphatase aus. Es kann sich um eine immunologisch aktive Zellform handeln. Der sekundär basale Cytotrophoblast (c) dringt während der späteren Schwangerschaft aus eingemauerten Zellsäulen und Zotten in die Basalplatte ein. Von den anderen X-Zellen unterscheidet er sich durch die vorübergehende Aktivität von alkalischer Phosphatase. Hinweise auf seine Funktion liegen nicht vor. Nach Verlust der aP gleicht er sich den anderen X-Zellen an. Alle drei Entwicklungsreihen gehen über gleichartige Zwischenstufen zugrund. Bindegewebs- und Deciduazellen unterscheiden sich histochemisch von den Trophoblastzellen vor allem durch eine schwächere Aktivität der Glucose-6-Phosphat-Dehydrogenase. Auch diese beiden Zellgruppen reagieren in sich uneinheitlich. Eine Gliederung nach Reifungsstadium und Differenzierungsweg ist bislang aber nicht möglich.
    Notes: Summary Cell maturation and cell degeneration take place at the same time in the basal plate of the mature human placenta. For the different cell types all intermediary stages from undifferentiated stem cells up to degenerating types are found. The enzyme-histochemical investigation of this tissue makes it possible to demonstrate three series of development within the cytotrophoblast: The primarily basal cytotrophoblast originates from cells which have invaded the basal plate already during early pregnancy. These cells mainly differentiate into homogeneous x-cells (a). It is suggested that they have endocrine function. In regions of intensive intermingling with decidual cells vacuolized x-cells appear (b). They are characterized by their content of acid phosphatase. This cell type may have immunological activity. The secondarily basal cytotrophoblast (c) penetrates into the basal plate during later pregnancy out of cell columns and attached villi. It differs from the other x-cells by the transitory activity of alkaline phosphatase. Its function is not clear as yet. After the loss of its alkaline phosphatase it develops into normal x-cells. All three series of development degenerate via identical intermediary stages. Connective tissue cells and decidual cells differ from the trophoblastic cells most characteristically by less activity of the glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase. Both cell groups however do not show uniform enzymatic reactions. A classification corresponding to stages of maturation and course of differentiation has not been successful up to date.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 129 (1969), S. 83-101 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Guinea Pig ; Bloodvessels ; Trophoblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 125 Meerschweinchenplacenten vom 14. Trächtigkeitstag bis zur Geburt wurden Bau und Entwicklung der Hauptplacenta lichtmikroskopisch untersucht. Am 14. Tag hat die Placenta die Gestalt eines Kegels. Sie besteht aus einem maschenwerk von uncapillarisiertem Syncytiotrophoblasten, der außen von einer dünnen Cytotrophoblastschicht bedeckt wird. Aus dieser differenziert sich zwischen 16. und 21. Tag die Duvalsche Riesenzellschicht. Ihre Abscheidungen formieren bis zum 23. Tag die Reichertsche Membran. Die Umwandlung des uncapillarisierten Syncytiotrophoblasten in Labyrinthgewebe beginnt durch Einwachsen von fetalem Mesenchym am 16. Tag. Hierbei geht der größte Teil der jeweils unmittelbar vorher durch Teilung entstandenen kleinen Syncytiumkerne zugrunde. Erst am 23. Tag ist das fetale Mesenchym soweit mit Capillaren versorgt, daß diese unmittelbar an den fetalen noch unvascularisierten Trophoblasten grenzen, teilweise sogar weit in ihn vordringen. Das Auswachsen der Capillaren zeigt die bis zur Geburt anhaltende Expansionstendenz des Labyrinthes an. Das capillarisierte Syncytium nimmt im Laufe der Entwicklung die Gestalt einer radartigen Platte an, die fetalwärts kurze, in basaler Richtung längere Zapfen abgibt. Im Labyrinth wird frühzeitig eine zentrale Zone mit sehr weiten Lacunen und Capillaren sowie mit stärker basophilem Cytoplasma ausdifferenziert. Zusammen mit dem restlichen, peripheren Labyrinth und dem verbliebenen uncapillarisierten Trophoblasten gibt es damit drei lichtmikroskopisch unterscheidbare Regionen (Läppchenzentrum, Läppchenperipherie, Interlobär- und Randsyncytium), die während der weiteren Entwicklung typische Volumenverschiebungen durchmachen. An Injektionspräparaten wurde die Gefäßversorgung der Placenta untersucht; hierbei zeigte sich, daß einerseits mütterliche venöse Lacunen und fetale Arterien und andererseits mütterlich arterielle Lacumen und fetale Venen gemeinsam verlaufen. In den Läppchen verläuft der mütterliche und fetale Blutstrom nach einem modifizierten Gegenstromprinzip, bei dem sich ein dreidimensionales Capillarnetz und ein gleichartiges Lacunennetz durchflechten.
    Notes: Summary Structure and development of 125 guinea pig placentae from the 14th day of pregnancy to full term were studied by light-microscope. At 14 days the placenta has the shape of a cone. It consists of a network of uncapillarized syncytial trophoblast, which is covered at the outside by a thin layer of cytotrophoblast. From this Duval's giant cell layer differentiates between 16 and 21 days. Until 23rd day its secretions form the Reichert's membrane. From 16 days onwards the transformation of uncapillarized syncytial trophoblast into labyrinth-tissue begins by an ingrowing of fetal mesenchyme cells. At the same time the largest part of the small newly formed syncytial nuclei degenerates. At 23 days the fetal mesenchyme is supplied with capillaries so that the vessels lie adjacent to the fetal, still unvascularized trophoblast or partially even penetrate deep into it. The proliferation of the capillaries illustrates the tendency of the labyrinth to expand, which lasts until full term. In the course of development the capillarized syncytium acquires the shape of a wheellike plate, which has short pegs towards the fetus and longer ones in basal direction. In the labyrinth a central zone with very wide blood spaces and capillaries as well as more basophil cytoplasma differentiates early. Together with the residual peripheral labyrinth and the still existing uncapillarized trophoblast 3 different regions can be distinguished by light-microscopy (lobule centre, lobule periphery, interlobium), which undergo typical changes in volume during further development. With injection-preparations the vascularisation of the placenta was studied. It was shown that maternal venous blood spaces and fetal arteries on the one hand and maternal arterial blood spaces and fetal veins on the other run together. In the lobule the maternal and fetal blood vessels form a threedimensional network of capillaries and bloodspaces in which a modified counter-current-flow of the blood occurs.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Basal Plate ; Cytotrophoblast ; Decidua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Basalplatte der reifen menschlichen Placenta besteht aus folgenden Schichten: Bedeckender Syncytiotrophoblast, oberflächlicher Bindegewebsstreifen, X-Zellage, Nitabuchscher Fibrinoidstreifen, Decidua. Aus den oberen drei Lagen entsteht bei Degeneration das Rohrsche Fibrinoid. Bei fehlendem oder unvollständigem Nitabuchschen Fibrinoidstreifen kann es zu einer weitgehenden Aufhebung dieses Schichtbaues, vor allem zu einer Durchmischung der X-Zellen mit den Deciduazellen kommen. Die einzelnen Zellformen werden beschrieben und nach ihrer Struktur gegliedert. Dabei ergeben sich Übergangsformen zwischen “hellen Zellen” und X-Zellen. Sie werden deswegen als unterschiedliche Differenzierungsstadien der gleichen Zellart angesehen. Strukturelle Gründe sprechen dafür, daß es sich um Trophoblastzellen handelt. Auch die Bindegewebszellen und die Deciduazellen werden nach den Formen gegliedert. Ausreichende Anhaltspunkte für die Funktion der Zellen liegen nicht vor.
    Notes: Summary The basal plate of the mature human placenta is composed of following layers: covering syncytiotrophoblast, superficial connective tissue layer, x-cell layer, fibrinoid layer of Nitabuch, decidua. The fibrinoid of Rohr originates from the degeneration of the upper three layers. If the fibrinoid layer of Nitabuch is lacking or incomplete, an almost complete abolition of this layer structure may result, especially an intermingling of the x-cells with to their structure. Intermediary types between “clear cells” and x-cells are found. Consequently, they are taken as different levels of differentiation of the same cell type. Structural reasons advocate their trophoblastic origin. The connective tissue cells and the decidual cells, too, are classified according to their structure. Sufficient criteria for the function of these cells are not yet existent.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 117-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta, human ; Villi ; Vascularization ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present investigation was undertaken in order to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of placental villous differentiation. Villous trees from human placentas from different stages of pregnancy (first trimester to full term) were isolated and studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. For light microscopy the trees were serially sectioned and two-dimensionally reconstructed. For scanning electron microscopy complete villous trees or freeze-cracked villi were studied. The most important finding was that the mesenchymal villi are continuously newly formed out of the trophoblastic sprouts throughout pregnancy. Because of this they exist in all stages of pregnancy and have to be considered the basis for growth and differentiation of the villous trees. In the first two trimesters they are the forerunners of the immature intermediate villi, whereas in the last trimester the mesenchymal villi are transformed into mature intermediate villi. The immature intermediate villi formed during the first two trimesters are developmental steps towards the stem villi. On the other hand, the mature intermediate villi, which only are developed during the last trimester, produce numerous terminal villi. The latter are not active outgrowths caused by proliferation of the trophoblast, but rather passive protrusions induced by capillary coiling due to excessive longitudinal growth of the fetal capillaries within the mature intermediate villi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hemodialysis ; Nutritional status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the way in which duration of hemodialysis treatment affects nutritional status in 96 end-stage renal failure patients. According to the length of previous hemodialysis treatment patients were divided into the groups: onset hemodialysis (ON-HD), early-stage hemodialysis (ES-HD, 1–8 months), mid-stage hemodialysis (MS-HD, 9–69 months), and advanced-stage hemodialysis (ASHD, 70–207 months). Nutritional status was assessed by laboratory data (serum proteins, total lymphocyte count), intradermal skin antigen testing, anthropometric measurements (body mass index [BMI], infrared interactance), and records of food intake. ON-HD patients on a low-protein diet exhibited abnormally low values for serum total protein, albumin, transferrin, and total lymphocyte count and a high prevalence of anergy to skin antigens (69%). In the ES-HD and MS-HD groups values for serum proteins and total lymphocyte count were in the normal range and significantly higher than in ON-HD patients. In addition, a lower proportion of cutaneous anergy was observed (50% and 27%, respectively). Long-term hemodialysis therapy for 6–17 years (AS-HD) was associated with normal levels for all measured serum proteins. Subnormal levels of total lymphocyte count, significantly lower than in MS-HD patients, were associated with an increase in anergy to skin antigens (46%). Serum prealbumin, complement C3c, BMI, body fat, and lean body mass exhibited normal values in all patients and showed no differences between groups. These results indicate that diminished visceral protein stores, lymphopenia, and anergy to skin antigens are widespread in undialyzed uremic patients with end-stage renal failure but become uncommon after the initiation of regular hemodialysis therapy. Even patients on long term hemodialysis for 6–17 years can maintain their serum protein levels, BMI, body fat, and lean body mass in the normal range. The catabolic stimulus of the dialysis procedure itself does not seem to outweigh its beneficial effect of removing uremic toxins when patients are treated for so many years. The occurrence of lymphopenia and a higher proportion of anergy to skin antigens in AS-HD patients indicates that hemodialysis treatment of very long duration has a depressive effect on immunological functions, but not on nutritional status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Endocrine coma ; Hypopituitary crisis ; Lymphocytic hypophysitis ; Hashimoto's disease ; Refractory hypotension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an endocrine emergency of a 52-year-old woman with chronic anterior-pituitary failure of autoimmune origin who developed hypopituitary crisis with coma and severe hypotension provoked by an intercurrent bronchopneumonia. At admission to the ICU hypopituitarism had not been diagnosed and only Hashimoto's thyroiditis with thyroid replacement therapy could be obtained from the patient's history. Although the patient presented with somatic signs suggestive of hypopituitarism, other causes of coma and hypotension had first to be excluded. In the absence of specific treatment the patient died 18 h later with refractory cardiac arrest. Diagnosis of acute decompensated chronic hypophyseal failure must be considered if hypothermia, refractory hypotension and signs of infection without fever are associated with a short stature and the loss of axillary and pubic hair. Waiting for laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis must not delay immediate life-saving specific glucocorticoid treatment.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) ; Acute pancreatitis ; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score III (APACHE III)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To investigate the role of activated leukocytes in acute pancreatitis, we measured soluble receptors of tumour necrosis factor alpha (sTNFR, p60 subtype) in plasma and evaluated the association of sTNFR with the clinical severity of the disease. Design: Prospective, descriptive study. Setting: A medical intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital. Patients: 25 consecutive ICU admissions of adult patients with acute pancreatitis. Measurements and results: The clinical severity of the disease was assessed using weights for the worst 17 physiological abnormalities of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score over a 24-h period after admission. According to the sum of these weights (giving the Acute Physiology Score, APS) patients were divided into a group with mild pancreatitis (APS 〈 25) and into a group with severe pancreatitis (APS ≥ 25). Soluble TNFR was determined in plasma using an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. In patients with clinically severe pancreatitis, plasma sTNFR concentrations of 8.8 (16) ng/ml (median, interquartile range) were significantly higher when compared to patients with mild disease [2.7 (1.5) ng/ml; p 〈 0.0001]. The sensitivity and specificity of sTNFR plasma concentrations (cutoff point at 5 ng/ml) for the prediction of severe pancreatitis were 90 and 100 %, respectively. A highly positive correlation between sTNFR and deviations of physiological parameters from normal (APS score) was demonstrated (r = 0.81). The development of multiple organ failure (MOF) and death was associated with significantly higher sTNFR levels when compared to patients without MOF and survivors [16.4 (17) vs 3.2 (2) ng/ml, p = 0.0014 and 16.0 (18) vs 3.3 (4) ng/ml, p = 0.016, respectively]. For evidence of necrotizing pancreatitis, plasma C-reactive protein concentrations were measured and a significant exponential regression was found with sTNFR (r = 0.77, p 〈 0.0001). Patients developing pancreatic necrosis, as demonstrated by contrast-enhanced computed tomography, had significantly higher sTNFR concentrations when compared to patients with edematous pancreatitis [9.1 (17) vs 3.2 (2) ng/ml, p = 0.0018). Conclusion: The p60 subtype of soluble TNFR is elevated in the plasma of patients with clinically severe acute pancreatitis. This elevation is positively correlated to abnormalities in physiological parameters, development of MOF, and mortality. The association with pancreatic necrosis suggests that, by mediating the effects of TNF, TNFRp60 reflects inflammatory tissue damage leading to severe systemic complications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Saliva ethanol test ; Blood ethanol test ; Alcohol abuse/intoxication ; Emergency room
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The aim of this pilot study was to assess whether ethanol concentrations in saliva are comparable to those in blood and to evaluate whether this new non-invasive saliva alcohol test is suitable for use in emergency departments. Design: Prospective, open, non-randomised study. Setting: University hospital emergency department. Patients and methods: 100 consecutive patients who were admitted to the emergency department whose smell and/or behaviour indicated alcohol abuse. Fifteen patients participated as a control group after they were asked to abstain from alcohol consumption for 24 h before the study. Interventions: Blood and saliva samples were obtained at the same time for ethanol measurement. The Q.E.D. Alcohol Test A 350 was used in order to measure the concentration of ethanol in saliva. Blood samples were analysed by the alcohol dehydrogenase method. Results: The mean difference between the ethanol levels in blood and saliva was − 0.1 mg/dl, whereas the values measured in saliva were on average 0.1 mg/dl higher than those measured in blood (p = 0.002). Conclusion: The Q.E.D. Alcohol Test A 350, which uses saliva, is well suited for quantitative determination of alcohol levels. The levels measured in saliva correlate well with those measured in blood at both the lower and the upper end of the scale. Because this test is quick and easy to perform by emergency room personnel and the results are accurate enough for clinical purposes, it should prove valuable to determine whether impaired consciousness is related to alcohol intoxication or to other likely causes.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 239 (1986), S. 101-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Placental villi ; Premature delivery ; Synchronous and asynchronous immaturity ; Asynchronous maturity ; Hypermaturity ; Terminal villi deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Based on a new concept of maturation of the placental villous tree and its disorders (synchronous and asynchronous immaturity, asynchronous maturity, hyperpermaturity, and terminal villi deficiency) we studied the possible effect of the placental villous tree on the premature onset of labour. In mature normal neonates irregular and asynchronous villous patterns were found in 50% of cases. In prematurely delivered neonates, only 33% of the corresponding placentas show synchronous immature villous patterns. Uterine bleeding in the first trimester was associated with a 42% of incidence of premature maturation of the villous tree. These findings strengthen the idea that hormonal imbalance in early pregnancy influenced villous development. In “prematurity without recognizable cause” there was a higher percentage of villous maldevelopment (33%) than that previously described in the literature. In severe pre-eclampsia combined with premature onset of labour, 60% of our cases showed hypermaturity of the villous trees. Synchronous immaturity was reduced to 15%. We conclude, that even a rather rough definition of the histological features of placental villi is sufficient to produce numerous correlations between clinical events preceding premature delivery and placental structure. So the influence of placenta on the premature onset of labour needs more attention.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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