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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anaphylactoid reactions in man following administration of drugs solubilized with cremophor El® (polyethylenglycolglycerol riconoleate) are a considerable clinical problem. Since these reactions occur in dogs on first exposure and in pigs on second exposure, the ‘dog model’ was used in this communication to analyse components and chemical modifications of cremophor El and its components for their clinical effects, their hypotensive actions and their histamine-releasing capacity. Two series of experiments in 1978 and 1980 were performed in 144 adult mongrel dogs of both sexes. In these studies histamine release wasnot related to the effect of the solubilizing agents as tensides and was elicited by rather low doses (about 10–100 mg/kg i.v.). The effect of these substances on blood pressure and on blood histamine levels was connected with distinct chemical features: the most potent compounds were oxethylated and additionally esterified unsaturated or hydroxylated fatty acids. Several phases in hypotensive reactions were observed, including an immediate response, a delayed blood pressure response and a late response about 15–20 min after injection. Only the delayed response was associated with histamine release. The combination of cardiovascular effects and histamine release was fatal on some occasions indicating that histamine release can be dangerous. Compared to cremophor El, the tenside effect was equal, but the toxicity was reduced in oxethylated 12-hydroxystearic acid. It is recommended that this solubilizer should be used in further extended studies in animals and — if these are successful—in clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Histamine release caused by drugs and/or their solvents in clinical conditions is a well documented observation but the mechanism of this reaction is poorly understood. hence in this study, the histamine releasing ability of cremophor El® and six derivatives of 12-hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA) were compared in two models: thein vivo anaesthetized dog and thein vitro isolated rat peritoneal mast cells. The results obtained in both systems differed markedly. Only one compound DH (the diester of 12-HSA with polyethylene glycol) released histamine in both systems. The two substances, which exhibited the weakest histamine releasing ability in the dog model (almost inactive at the doses given) were powerful releasers of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells (TN, 12-HSA polymerized with ethylene oxide; and ME, the monoester of 12-HSA esterified with polyethylene glycol). The release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells was potentiated as the temperature was elevated above 37°C. Due to the heterogenelty of mast cells from both different species and different tissues in the same animal, it is important to choose the appropriate predictive model for clinically important adverse reactions to drugs and/or their solvents. Agents which release histamine by non-specific mechanisms are not uninteresting for the clinical situation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Histamine release events were shown in a prospective randomized controlled trial in patients undergoing elective general surgery with an extraordinarily high incidence: 73 per cent. This high incidence was explained by several factors: — the sample size which was much greater than in previous studies — the improved plasma histamine assay — the precise definition of histamine release in clinical conditions and its measurement at the top of Bateman functions — the standardized induction of anaesthesia and preparation of the surgical patient — and finally the considerable number of cancer patients since more than 60% of the reactions 〉5 ng/ml occurred in this group which comprised only 20% of the study population. Two cases of life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions occurred in this trial corresponding to an incidence of 1 per cent. This was — again — very high compared to previous epidemiological studies. Both cases were again cancer patients and occurred in the placebo group — information given by the external study advisory group for further treatment of the individual patient. The data on the high incidence of histamine release including the high incidence of life-threatening reactions favourrationally a preoperative H1 −+H2-prophylaxis with the drugs used in this study: dimetindene and cimetidine. The question of the incidence was one of the unsettled problems which led to this trial. Analysis of the first 180 patients already answered this question more than we had ever expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 256-261 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepines ; Heart rate conditioning ; Anxiety ; Rabbits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present experiment was undertaken to assess the ways in which benzodiazepine administration alters heart rate responding during Pavlovian aversive conditioning in the rabbit. Each of three benzodiazepine compounds (chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam, diazepam) reliably attenuated the magnitude of the conditioned bradycardia response as compared to vehicle controls. Lower doses of two of these compounds significantly potentiated the conditioned bradycardia response. Benzodiazepine treatment did not singificantly alter baseline heart rate, the expression and habituation of the heart rate orienting response, or heart rate responding during unpaired stimulus presentations. The effects of benzodiazepines under these conditions therefore appeared to be selective to those heart rate responses that were conditioned. These results are consistent with evidence suggesting the involvement of benzodiazepine-sensitive processes in the expression of emotional responses, including concomitant cardiovascular alterations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 146 (1998), S. 323-327 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Fukosidose ; α-L-Fukosidase ; Lysosomale Speichererkrankung ; Mutationen ; Molekulargenetik ; Key words Fucosidosis ; α-L-fucosidase ; Lysosomal storage disease ; Mutations ; Molecular genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Fucosidosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease due to nearly complete deficiency of α-L- fucosidase, was diagnosed in two unrelated male German patients who exhibited typical symptoms of this disorder including mental retardation, dysostosis multiplex, vacuolization of lymphocytes and progressive neurologic deterioration by the age of 3.2 and 4 years, respectively. In both cases, activity of α-L-fucosidase in leukocytes and cultivated fibroblasts was negligible. DNA analysis revealed a nonsense mutation (G401X) in exon 7 of the fucosidase gene; this leads to a premature stop codon and C-terminal deletion of 61 amino acids from the protein. Discussion: On account of the mutation a unique PFlMI restriction site is obliterated; this simplifies molecular diagnosis of the G401X mutation. So far, the mutation G401X has not been found in any other population.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Fukosidose ist eine seltene lysosomale Speicherkrankheit, die durch eine starke Verminderung der Enzymaktivität der α-L-Fukosidase verursacht wird. Wir beschreiben 2 nicht verwandte, deutsche, männliche Patienten mit typischen Symptomen. Beide zeigten bis zum Alter von 3,2 bzw. 4 Jahren einen progredienten neurologischen Abbau, eine schwere mentale Retardierung, Zeichen einer Dysostosis multiplex und Speicherphänomene in Lymphozyten. Die α-L-Fukosi- dase-Aktivität in Leukozyten und Fibroblasten war stark vermindert (〈3% des Normalwertes). Die molekulargenetische Diagnostik deckte eine Nonsense-Mutation (G401X) in Exon 7 des α-L-Fukosidase-Gens auf, die zu einem vorzeitigen Stopkodon und so zum C-terminalen Verlust von 61 Aminosäuren des Enzymproteins führt. Diskussion: Durch die Mutation geht eine Spaltstelle des Restriktionsenzyms PflMI verloren, so daß ein rascher Nachweis mit Hilfe dieses Polymorphismus möglich ist. Bisher wurde die Mutation G401X in keiner anderen Population nachgewiesen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Inflammation research 10 (1980), S. 101-104 
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In three clinical-biochemical trials (all prospective, two balanced but only the last one randomized) histamine methyltransferase (HMT) activity and histamine content were determined in liver tissue of patients being operated for an epigastric tumour or a chronic duodenal ulcer (control group) and of those suffering from disorders of the biliary tract (test group). With median HMT-activities between 361 and 427 pmol/(min×mg protein) in the control and the test groups the human liver showed the highest histamine methylation capacity of all organs of all species hitherto investigated. This explained the well-known high elimination rate from the portal plasma by a single passage through the liver. Whereas patients of the control groups showed median hepatic histamine values between 1.4 and 1.9 μg/g tissue, the corresponding values in patients suffering from cholelithiasis lay between 2.6 and 2.8 μg/g tissue. The observed increase was only 37% in the first (unbalanced and non-randomized) trial (p=0.100;n=50), but was 100% both in the second (balanced) and third (randomized) trial (p〈0.03;n=44 resp.n=24). The results show, that performing a randomized controlled clinical-biochemical trial including only 24 patients and running only for two months (trial 3) led to the same results at the same level of significance as a balanced but non-randomized trial (trial 2) with 44 patients and a four-month investigation period. A prospective but unbalanced trial (trial 1), however, did not show any significant result at all, nevertheless comprising a great number of patients (n=50).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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