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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influenza: interspecies transmission and emergence of new pandemics (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 18 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01056.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continued circulation of reassortant H1N2 influenza viruses in pigs in Japan (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 143 (1998), S. 1773-1782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  In 1991 and 1992, H1N2 influenza A viruses were isolated from the lungs of pigs with overt signs of respiratory disease at farms in the Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures of Japan. To determine the genetic origin of these isolates, we phylogenetically analyzed partial nucleotide sequences of their genes. The results indicate that influenza viruses possessing the N2 of human influenza virus and seven other gene segments of classical H1N1 swine influenza virus, which were first isolated in 1980, have become established in Japanese pigs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050415
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of the hemagglutinin on A/Equine/Johannesburg/86 (H3N8): the first known equine influenza outbreak in South Africa (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 106 (1989), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A severe influenza outbreak occurred in horses in South Africa in 1986. The causative agent was identified as an influenza virus [A/Equine/Johannesburg/86 (H3N8)]. Antigenic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) with ferret antisera and monoclonal antibodies showed that the Eq/Johannesburg/86 virus is similar to recent equine H3 viruses. The nucleotide sequence analysis on the HA genes of Eq/Johannesburg/86 and other equine H3 influenza viruses, together with the epidemiological data, clearly demonstrated that the Eq/Johannesburg/86 virus was derived from a virus that had been circulating in horses in the United States in 1986–87. The epidemiological information suggests that the unusually severe influenza outbreak in South Africa may be due to the lack of immunity to these viruses in the horse population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01311048
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intestinal replication of influenza A viruses in two mammalian species (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 93 (1987), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sites of replication of influenza A viruses in ferrets and pigs were studied. The majority of the swine, equine, and avian influenza A viruses tested were recovered from the intestinal tract of ferrets as well as from the respiratory tract; most of the human influenza viruses studied were recovered only from the respiratory tract. In contrast with ferrets, only Hong Kong/1/68 (H 3 N 2) influenza virus was recovered from the intestinal tract of pigs. Despite the large biological variability found in ferrets and in pigs, the results do establish that the majority of influenza viruses have the potential to replicate in the intestinal tissues of some mammals. Additionally, the study suggests that there are differences among the influenza A viruses in tissue tropism in different mammals. Both viral and host genetic factors determine the tissue tropism of influenza viruses in mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01310984
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epitope mapping of the influenza A virus RNA polymerase PA using monoclonal antibodies (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 145 (2000), S. 895-903 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  To obtain reagents to functionally map the PA protein, we produced monoclonal antibodies specific to this protein. Twenty-two monoclonal antibodies reacting with PA protein in ELISA were divided into 10 groups on the basis of competitive binding patterns to this protein. Of these, seventeen monoclonal antibodies bound to PA polypeptide spanning amino acids 101–400 and three bound to that of amino acids 518–600, while the other two did not react with any PA polypeptides tested with the exception of full-length PA. Among these monoclonal antibodies, only five reacted with PA in A/PR/8/34 virus-infected cells in indirect immunofluorescence assay. Thus, we obtained monoclonal antibodies that recognize at least 10 distinct regions of the PA molecule. These monoclonal antibodies should be useful in dissecting functions of the PA protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050682
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epitope mapping of the influenza A virus RNA polymerase PA using monoclonal antibodies (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 145 (2000), S. 957-964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  To obtain reagents to functionally map the PA protein, we produced monoclonal antibodies specific to this protein. Twenty-two monoclonal antibodies reacting with PA protein in ELISA were divided into 10 groups on the basis of competitive binding patterns to this protein. Of these, seventeen monoclonal antibodies bound to PA polypeptide spanning amino acids 101–400 and three bound to that of amino acids 518–600, while the other two did not react with any PA polypeptides tested with the exception of the intact PA. Among these monoclonal antibodies, only five reacted with PA in A/PR/8/34 virus-infected cells in indirect immunofluorescence assay. Thus, we obtained monoclonal antibodies that recognize at least 10 distinct regions of the PA molecule. These monoclonal antibodies should be useful in dissecting functions of the PA protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050687
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping of functional domains on the influenza A virus RNA polymerase PB2 molecule using monoclonal antibodies (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 145 (2000), S. 1947-1961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  Monoclonal antibodies against the PB2 of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (A/PR/ 8/34) (H1N1) were prepared in order to define the functional domains of the RNA polymerase of influenza virus. The fifteen monoclonal antibodies that were generated were divided into 4 groups on the basis of ELISA binding to PB2 or its peptide fragments. Six Group I antibodies that bound to the PB2 N-terminal region (amino acids 1–104) did not inhibit transcription by the viral ribonucleoprotein complex. A single Group II antibody recognizing the region of amino acids 206–259 inhibited ApG-primed transcription. Groups III and IV antibodies bound to the C-terminal region of amino acids 660–759. Of these, Group III antibodies inhibited transcription. The present results identify multiple monoclonal antibody binding domains in PB2, two of which, when bound by antibodies, negatively affect viral RNA transcription.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050070068
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perpetuation of influenza A viruses in Alaskan waterfowl reservoirs (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 140 (1995), S. 1163-1172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To provide information on the mechanism of perpetuation of influenza viruses among waterfowl reservoirs in nature, virological surveillance was carried out in Alaska during their breeding season in summer from 1991 to 1994. Influenza viruses were isolated mainly from fecal samples of dabbling ducks in their nesting places in central Alaska. The numbers of subtypes of 108 influenza virus isolates were 1 H2N3, 37 H3N8, 55 H4N6, 1 H7N3, 1 H8N2, 1 H10N2, 11 H10N7, and H10N9. Influenza viruses were also isolated from water samples of the lakes where they nest. Even in September of 1994 when the most ducks had left for migration to south, viruses were still isolated from the lake water. Phylogenetic analysis of the NP genes of the representative isolates showed that they belong to the North American lineage of avian influenza viruses, suggesting that the majority of the waterfowls breeding in central Alaska migrate to North America and not to Asia. The present results support the notion that influenza viruses have been maintained in waterfowl population by water-borne transmission and revealed the mechanism of year-by-year perpetuation of the viruses in the lakes where they breed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322743
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influenza viral infection of swine in the United States 1988–1989 (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 116 (1991), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Swine are an animal reservoir for influenza viruses capable of causing disease in humans. A serological survey in 1988–1989 demonstrates that subtype H1 influenza viruses continue to circulate at high frequency among swine in the north-central U.S.A. (average 51% incidence). Subtype H3 viruses antigenically similar to current human H3 viruses are circulating at low frequency (average 1.1%), particularly in the southeast U.S.A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01319247
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and serotyping ofYersinia pseudotuberculosis in humans in Japan (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 1 (1982), S. 396-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019942
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