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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 24 (1985), S. 2490-2495 
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 24 (1985), S. 4356-4362 
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    Bloomington, Ill. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of Educational Research. 71:2 (1977:Nov./Dec.) 63 
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 4 (1975), S. 675-695 
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The primary sensory innervation of muscle spindles obtained by muscle biopsy of normal human volunteers was studied with the light and electron microscopes. The parent IA sensory fibre branched 4–6 times, became unmyelinated for 25–30 μm, then formed sensory terminals on each nuclear bag and chain intrafusal muscle fibre. The first 4–5 μm of the unmyelinated segment is believed to be an encoder zone because the plasmalemma was undercoated by a dense granular layer similar to that under other membranes where action potentials originate. A reconstruction from micrographs of serial longitudinal sections showed that the primary sensory ending on a nuclear bag fibre is an irregular coil with branches and varicose swellings. The terminals contain central aggregates of microfilaments often surrounded by mitochondria, small numbers of vesicles, cisterns and tubular profiles. The latter merge with the plasma membrane. Junctional complexes between the plasma membranes of the terminals and intrafusal muscle resemble fascia adherns and are postulated to act as attachment plaques. These could contribute to the transduction process by increasing the degree of distortion of the terminal's membrane when stretch is applied to the spindle. A mechanism is described which could account for some of the differences in sensitivity of the primary and secondary sensory endings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical autonomic research 2 (1992), S. 393-396 
    ISSN: 1619-1560
    Keywords: Cardiorespiratory reflexes ; Heart rate ; Autonomic neuropathy ; Diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to assess the effect of patient posture, either sitting or supine, on the results and diagnostic yield of tests of cardiorespiratory reflexes on 25 normal subject controls and 128 patients with diabetes mellitus. The heart rate changes during slow breathing at 6 per minute (ΔR6) and during a Valsalva manoeuvre (highest heart rate during manoeuvre divided by lowest heart rate within 30 s after manoeuvre; Valsalva ratio) were measured from the electrocardiographic signal and tachometry. In control subjects, heart rate changes during slow breathing averaged 25.0 when sitting and 21.3 when supine (p 〈 0.01); Valsalva ratio averaged 1.90 and 1.83 (p 〉 0.2) respectively. In diabetic patients, mean values for heart rate changes during slow breathing were 6.1 and 5.1, and mean values for Valsalva ratio were 1.23 and 1.28 in sitting and supine postures respectively. According to our normal limits, heart rate changes during slow breathing was below normal in 109 patients tested when sitting and in 113 tested when supine, and Valsalva ratio was abnormal in 103 and 95 respectively. These results indicate that subject posture is an important variable of cardiorespiratory reflex testing, and should be standardized to allow comparisons of individual results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 447-451 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The number and spatial relations of muscle spindles in the extensor indicis have been determined. Approximately forty spindles lie adjacent to the motor end plate zone dispersed rather equally through this area of the muscle with a modest increase in density among the distally originating fibers. A study of the entire innervation pattern of this muscle has also been completed.These findings have greatly facilitated the isolation of spindles for electron microscopic study and attempts to perform in vivo recording from the sensory nerves of muscle spindles in this laboratory. It is now possible, with the aid of suitable magnification and stimulating and recording devices, to more rapidly find muscle spindles relative to the gross innervation and the easily located motor end plate zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Human muscle spindles are isolated from muscle biopsies of Extensor Indicis. A spindle rich portion of muscle is removed, placed into a modified Kreb's solution and microdissected for spindles. Intramuscular nerves and blood vessels provide helpful locating guides. Spindles can be dissected free of extrafusal muscle with an adequate length of nerve for in vitro recording. Another portion of muscle is stretched and placed into a 5% glutaraldehyde fixative in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. Spindles are dissected free, postfixed, dehydrated, stained, and then studied with the light microscope while in liquid Epon. The equatorial regions are identified, then removed and embedded for examination using the electron microscope. This is the first successful total isolation of viable human spindles. The combined procedures allow correlation of recordings from the primary sensory endings with the fine structure of spindles from normal persons and from patients with neuromuscular disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 208 (1984), S. 491-499 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the mouse sweat gland was examined, in support of neurological studies of sweat glands and their relationships to the autonomic nervous system. It was found that the mouse sweat gland is similar to that of the rat and has only one type of secretory cell. Many nerve fibers are entwined with the secretory tubule and contain accumulations of round, clear vesicles, some microtubules, but apparently no neurofilaments. Cholinesterase is found in the clefts between nerve fibers and their ensheathing Schwann cells. The nerve fibers tend to run parallel with capillaries, but have no close association with either the capillaries or the secretory epithelium. Capillaries provide an abundant blood supply to the sweat gland and are fenestrated. The relationships between cellular elements of the sweat gland provide no direct evidence of the mechanisms involved in neurogenic sweating, although it seems likely that effector substances are diffusely distributed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the group IA sensory nerve endings from normal human muscle spindles was studied in transverse and longitudinal sections. Two arrangements of microfilaments, approximately 75 Å in diameter, were found in each of ten spindles examined. The first was a central aggregate of densely packed filaments. The aggregates were partly surrounded by mitochondria, and were oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sensory ending as it encircled the intrafusal muscle fiber. Individual aggregate filaments of glycerinated endings appeared to react with heavy meromyosin. The second arrangement was a filamentous network in the periphery of the sensory ending profiles. These microfilaments approached and appeared to merge with the surface membrane. They resembled the microfilaments that others have described in growth cones of cultured neurons. Both types of microfilaments are thought to be involved in changing the shape of the sensory endings during stretch and relaxation of the spindle.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The problem of accurately locating muscle spindles within the bulk of skeletal muscle has been the major difficulty in histological evaluation of human muscle spindles and in attempts to record their physiological activity. Entire first Dorsal Interossei were taken from full-term infants, stained in toto by deCastro's silver technique, serially sectioned or squashed, and individual spindles microdissected for study. A model of the muscle with its extrafusal innervation was constructed and the average number of spindles in five muscles was found to be 47 (range 4C-54). The first Dorsal Interosseus muscle is a bi-pinnate structure divided by a central tendon which inserts on the proximal first phalanx. The spindles within this muscle are nearly equally distributed between the halves. Most of the spindles are concentrated in two well-defined regions, a lateral, more distal spindle-rich region and a medial, more proximal, grouping. Each of these two concentrations consists of approximately one-third of the spindles present, the remaining one-third being rather uniformly distributed throughout the muscle mass. An idea of the degree of concentration usually seen is illustrated by finding as many as eight spindles present in a 100X field in cross-section. This density of concentration and apparent consistency of location within the muscle is expected to facilitate procurement of more adequate numbers of spindles at muscle biopsy and to aid the intramuscular recording from human muscle spindles.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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