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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Adrenomedullin is a peptide hormone with multifunctional biological properties. Its most characteristic effects are the regulation of circulation and the control of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis through peripheral and central nervous system actions. Although adrenomedullin is a vasodilator of cerebral vasculature, and it may be implicated in the pathomechanism of cerebrovascular diseases, the source of adrenomedullin in the cerebral circulation has not been investigated thus far. We measured the secretion of adrenomedullin by radioimmunoassay and detected adrenomedullin mRNA expression by Northern blot analysis in primary cultures of rat cerebral endothelial cells (RCECs), pericytes and astrocytes. We also investigated the expression of specific adrenomedullin receptor components by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and intracellular cAMP concentrations in RCECs and pericytes. RCECs had approximately one magnitude higher adrenomedullin production (135 ± 13 fmol/105 cells per 12 h; mean ± SD, n = 10) compared to that previously reported for other cell types. RCECs secreted adrenomedullin mostly at their luminal cell membrane. Adrenomedullin production was not increased by thrombin, lipopolysaccharide or cytokines, which are known inducers of adrenomedullin release in peripheral endothelial cells, although it was stimulated by astrocyte-derived factors. Pericytes had moderate, while astrocytes had very low basal adrenomedullin secretion. In vivo experiments showed that adrenomedullin plasma concentration in the jugular vein of rats was approximately 50% higher than that in the carotid artery or in the vena cava. Both RCECs and pericytes, which are potential targets of adrenomedullin in cerebral microcirculation, expressed adrenomedullin receptor components, and exhibited a dose-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP concentrations after exogenous adrenomedullin administration. Antisense oligonucleotide treatment significantly reduced adrenomedullin production by RCECs and tended to decrease intraendothelial cAMP concentrations. These findings may suggest an important autocrine and paracrine role for adrenomedullin in the regulation of cerebral circulation and blood–brain barrier functions. Cerebral endothelial cells are a potential source of adrenomedullin in the central nervous system, where adrenomedullin can also be involved in the regulation of neuroendocrine functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 431-441 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Genetik ; Dystonie ; Übersicht ; Key words Genetics ; Dystonia ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To date, at least 12 types of primary dystonia can be distinguished on a genetic basis. A 3-bp deletion in the DYT1 gene causes early onset, generalized torsion dystonia (TD), and mutations in the GTP cyclohydrolase I and the tyrosine hydroxylase genes result in dopa-responsive dystonia (DYT5). A missense change in the D2 dopamine receptor in one large family (DYT11) has recently been implicated in myoclonus-dystonia. Furthermore, seven other loci for dystonia genes have been mapped to chromosomal regions, including a locus for a mixed dystonia phenotype (DYT6), one form of focal dystonia (DYT7), three types of paroxysmal dystonia (DYT8–10), X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (DYT3), and rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (DYT12). No positive linkage results have yet been obtained for autosomal recessive TD (DYT2) and several other families of different types of dominantly inherited TD (DYT4). In addition, hereditary secondary dystonia may occur as part of familial diseases of the basal ganglia, metabolic and storage disorders, and various X-linked and other familial neurodegenerative syndromes affecting the basal ganglia. It may be anticipated that the traditional clinical and etiological classifications of dystonia will increasingly be replaced by a genetic one and that the identification of more dystonia genes may lead to a better understanding of these largely nondegenerative disorders.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gegenwärtig lassen sich 12 Typen von primären Dystonien (DYT1 – 12) genetisch unterscheiden. Die Deletion dreier Basenpaare im DYT1-Gen verursacht die generalisierte Torsionsdystonie (TD) mit frühem Beginn. Weiterhin konnten Mutationen im GTP-Zyklohydrolase-I- und im Tyrosinhydroxylase-Gen gefunden werden, die in Zusammenhang mit Dopa-responsiver Dystonie (DYT5) stehen, sowie eine mit myoklonischer Dystonie assoziierte Sequenzveränderung im D2-Dopaminrezeptor (DYT11). Außerdem wurden 7 weitere Dystonieloki kartiert, darunter die für einen gemischten Dystoniephänotyp (DYT6), eine Form der fokalen Dystonie (DYT7), 3 Typen von paroxysmaler Dystonie (DYT8–10), das X-chromosomal vererbte Dystonie-Parkinson-Syndrom (DYT3) und das Dystonie-Parkinson-Syndrom mit plötzlichem Beginn (DYT12). Für die autosomal-rezessive TD (DYT2) und einige größere Familien mit verschiedenen Formen dominant vererbter TD (DYT4) konnten bislang noch keine positiven Kopplungsstudien durchgeführt werden. Zusätzlich kommen erbliche, aber sekundäre Dystoniesyndrome im Rahmen von familiären Basalganglienerkrankungen, Stoffwechselstörungen und Speicherkrankheiten sowie verschiedener X-chromosomal vererbter und anderer familiärer neurodegenerativer Syndrome vor. Es ist anzunehmen, dass die klassische Einteilung der Dystonien nach klinischen und ätiologischen Kriterien mehr und mehr durch eine genetische ersetzt werden wird. Hierbei kann die Identifikation weiterer Dystoniegene zu einem besseren Verständnis dieser größtenteils nicht-degenerativen Erkrankungen beitragen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mathematica hungarica 57 (1991), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1588-2632
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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