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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy ion synchrotron for medical use -HIMAC project at NIRS-Japan-
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Physics, Section A 538 (1992), S. 541-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0375-9474
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0375-9474(92)90803-R
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risky storage and the value of money
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Economics Letters 45 (1994), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0165-1765
    Keywords: [JEL classification codes] E41
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0165-1765(94)90061-2
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of the radial magnetic field of an 18 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba : The 8th international conference on ion sources (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 981-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Since the narrowly concentrated ion-density distribution enhances the space charge effects, the extracted beam intensity is lower than case with a uniform distribution. In order to realize the uniform ion-density distribution at the extraction aperture for the higher beam intensity, the radial magnetic field given by the permanent sextupole magnet has been optimized. The ion-density distribution estimated by the TRAPCAD code depends on the magnetic trap configuration. The diameter of the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) zone determined by the inner diameter of the sextupole magnet was enlarged, and consequently the density of the flux lines running through the ECR zone decreased at the extraction aperture. The ion-density distribution could become more uniform. The inner diameter of the sextupole magnet of an 18 GHz ECR ion source for the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences was increased from 46 to 66 mm, so that the extracted intensities of Ar8+ and Ar9+ ions increased from 250 and 150 e μA to 1100 and 650 e μA, respectively. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150365
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the compact electron cyclotron resonance ion source for heavy-ion therapy : The 8th international conference on ion sources (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 984-986 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Carbon–ion cancer treatment is successfully being made at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC). Design philosophy for the ion sources for medical facilities are as follows: (1) sufficient beam intensity, a few hundred e μA; (2) long lifetime with good stability; (3) easy operation and easy maintenance; and (4) compactness. In order to develop such source for future heavy-ion facilities, we have tested compact electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources using permanent magnets both for axial and radial confinement of hot electrons. Since the yield of C2+ ion in the first developed source (2.45 GHz ECR) was 15 e μA and far below the medical requirement (∼150 e μA for the HIMAC), a new source has been proposed, having a frequency of 10 GHz. The extracted intensity of C4+ (and C2+) ions is expected to be higher than 200 e μA. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150366
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of high temperature rapid thermal annealing using a flat gas flame on the electrical properties of phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon films (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 8498-8502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effects of high temperature rapid thermal annealing (HT-RTA) using a flat gas flame on the electrical properties of phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) films in association with their microscopic structure were studied. Samples with a phosphorus concentration of 3.1×1017–6.0×1020 cm−3 were prepared and annealed by HT-RTA ranging from 1150 to 1350 °C. During HT-RTA, the sample surface was laterally swept by gas flames. The resistivity of the samples decreased with increasing annealing temperature, and the lowest resistivity was 4.8×10−4 Ω cm for the sample doped with P of 6.0×1020 cm−3 when annealed at 1350 °C. Hall mobility, on the other hand, increased first and then decreased with increasing P concentration. The highest Hall mobility was 71.3 cm2/V s for the sample annealed at 1350 °C of which the P concentration was 3.5×1019 cm−3. The results suggest that the grain boundary potential barriers for carriers decreased with increasing doping concentration and annealing temperature, and that the total area of grain boundaries in the films decreased with increasing annealing temperature because of secondary grain growth and the shrinkage of boundary width. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362527
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of gas flame annealing on the structure of poly-Si films (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 1459-1464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of gas flame annealing on the structure of polycrystalline Si films was studied using transmission electron microscopy and electron spin resonance. This annealing technique involved heating the sample surface to more than 1100 °C using flat gas flames with a scan rate of 1 mm/s and a heating rate of about 260 °C/min. Electron microscopy images revealed that the secondary grain growth proceeded with increasing the number of annealing times (annealing frequency) and that the grain size for samples annealed at 1360 °C was more than 1 μm whereas secondary grain growth was not significant for samples annealed at 1150 °C. Further, it was found that the spin density in the samples annealed at 1360 °C decreased from 1.5×1018 cm−3 to 3.8×1017 cm−3. It was concluded from the spin resonance results and the electron microscopy images that the secondary grain growth consists of two processes, the initial structural rearrangement of the grain boundaries and the subsequent grain growth. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360303
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient phases of a-Si by rapid heating (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 1766-1770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A structural model of a-Si and a model for its transient phases have been proposed. In these models, it is assumed that a-Si is composed of many small regions (or clusters with a radius of about 50 A(ring)) having different free energies. When a-Si is rapidly heated to a temperature slightly less than 1450 K so as to avoid crystallization, it transforms to a new phase in which both a-Si clusters and super-cooled l-Si coexist. By using these models, anomalous phenomena observed in explosive crystallization and enhanced diffusion phenomena in rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process can be explained. Furthermore, the viscosity of super-cooled Si fluid at 1000 °C induced by the RTA process is estimated to be 107–108 mPa s, which leads to the determination of T0 value of about 1300 K in Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) relation. However, this T0 value differs from that previously reported. This discrepancy has been discussed and it is concluded that T0 in the VFT relation is not a constant but a function of (dT/dt). © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358872
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy-ion sources for radiation therapy (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 3947-3969 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The usefulness of particle beams for radiation therapy has been well and widely recognized. For the cure of cancer patients, many accelerator facilities have already been utilized, and some new facilities are now being put into operation, or are under construction. Considering the medical and biological requirements, light heavy ions with an energy of several hundred MeV/nucleon are regarded as being the most suitable species. A reasonable choice to this end is an accelerator complex, for an example, one comprising an ion source, an injector linac, and a synchrotron. The ion source is of great importance, since its characteristics strongly affect the overall performance of the accelerator system. A pulsed Penning source (PIGIS) has been successfully used at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Recently, at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences a low-duty pulsed PIGIS for the heavy-ion medical accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) has been developed; it has both a long lifetime and a high peak intensity. As other types of ion sources, an electron-beam ion source (EBIS) and an electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS) are being developed at several laboratories. An EBIS is basically a pulsed source, and is being successfully used at Saclay. By using an after-glow mode, two ECRISs have made remarkable progress at Grenoble and the Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds; similar tests are proceeding for the Schwer-Ionen Synchrotron at the Gesellschaft für Schwer-Ionenforschung, the booster at Centre d'Europeen de Recherche Nucleaire, and the HIMAC. These different types of heavy-ion sources are discussed from the viewpoint of their application to radiation therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357411
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Status of 2.45 GHz compact National Institute of Radiological Sciences electron cyclotron resonance ion source : Proceedings of the 7th international conference on ion sources (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 1076-1078 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A 2.45 GHz compact National Institute of Radiological Sciences electron cyclotron resonance (NIRS-ECR) ion source has been developed for heavy ion medical accelerator in Chiba at NIRS. A new ECR source is expected to produce C2+ ions of more than 160 eμA for the high-energy heavy-ion cancer treatment. An ECR-type ion source is adopted because of its excellent characteristics of long lifetime and easy operation. The compact ECR ion source is 15 cm in diameter, 20 cm in length, and about 20 kg in weight. A set of permanent magnets was adopted to generate both the axial mirror and the radial sextupole fields. Several gas materials, He, CO2, CH4, N2, and Ne, have been tested. The present performance for C2+ ions, however, is 15 eμA and far below the medical requirements. The estimated vacuum in the plasma chamber is around 5.0×10−5 Torr. A much better vacuum pressure is desired to produce C2+ ions of more than 100 eμA. The ECR plasma, however, cannot be kept stable under such a high vacuum pressure. As another method to get the stable plasma, the different microwave injection was tested with a microwave antenna. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148637
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences electron cyclotron resonance ion source for the heavy ion medical accelerator in Chiba : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on ion sources (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1087-1089 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The development of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source for the heavy ion medical accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) injector is reported. The HIMAC is a heavy ion medical accelerator for cancer therapy. The electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source is expected to provide a long lifetime, easy operation, and easy maintenance for medical use. The NIRS-ECR ion source has a single closed ECR stage, and a microwave frequency of 10 GHz is applied. Under the present performance, the output electrical currents of the ions are 2500 eμA for He1+, 300 eμA for C2+, 480 eμA for Ne3+, and 110 eμA for Ar6+. Stability of the intensity is better than 2%. The transmission efficiency through a low-energy beam-transport line with an acceptance of 200 πmm mrad is more than 70%; the typical 50% and 90% emittances of the injection beam with 8 keV/u are 20 and 80 πmm mrad, respectively. These performances satisfy the requirements for radiotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145071
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