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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Paraquat ; Tungsten ; Xanthine oxidase ; Intoxication ; Flow cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the in vivo effect of paraquat on the cell cycle in rat liver and lung tissues and the protective effect of tungsten (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor) on paraquat toxicity. The bromodeoxy- uridine/propidium iodide double-staining method and flow cytometry were used for cell cycle assessment. Wistar rats were fed a standard diet or a tungsten-enriched diet were injected intravenously with 20 mg/kg paraquat, while uninjected rats served as controls. At 1, 3, and 5 days after paraquat injection, the liver and lungs were removed for examination following in vivo labeling with 20 mg/kg bromo- deoxyuridine for 1 h. Liver and lung cells were isolated and incubated with an anti-bromodeoxyuridine antibody and with propidium iodide for DNA staining. Flow cytometry showed that the S-phase cell populations in the liver and lungs of paraquat-injected rats fed a standard diet were increased markedly on days 1 and 3 after injection compared with the control levels. However, on day 5 the liver cells had nearly returned to normal, while the S-phase population remained high in the lungs. In contrast, the S-phase cell populations of liver and lung tissue showed no increase after paraquat injection in rats fed a tungsten-enriched diet. These findings suggest that paraquat-induced cytotoxicity is more prolonged in the lungs than in the liver. In addition, paraquat toxicity appears to be mediated by xanthine oxidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitors may be useful as an antidote.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: upper gastrointestinal bleeding ; duodenal varices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The incidence of duodenal varices is exceedingly rare. A case of bleeding duodenal varices located in the third portion of the duodenum, secondary to idiopathic portal hypertension, which was successfully treated by surgery, is presented herein. Diagnosis was suspected at superior mesenteric angiography and was subsequently confirmed by endoscopy. A review of the literature reveals only 105 such cases in the world. While the duodenal bulb is the most common site of duodenal varices, the second portion of the duodenum appears to be the next most common site but duodenal varices in the other portions are extremely rare. From all of the possible causes of duodenal varices, liver cirrhosis remains the predominant etiological factor in 31 cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: hepatic encephalopathy ; amino acid imbalance ; microdialysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using microdialysis, we studied brain extracellular fluid (ECF) amino acid metabolism in rats with experimentally induced hyperammonemia and regional elevation of brain ECF ammonia levels. The total brain ECF amino acid level was increased by an elevation of the blood ammonia level. Hyperammonemia elevated brain ECF aromatic amino acids and reduced arterial blood branched chain amino acids. When rats with hyperammonemia were intravenously administered norleucine, the brain ECF norleucine level rose markedly, suggesting increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. When rats with hyperammonemia were infused with a branched chain amino acid-rich preparation, the elevated brain ECF aromatic amino acids level was not suppressed. Following local intracerebral ammonia infusion, only glutamate levels showed a marked elevation. These results suggest that impairment of the blood-brain barrier related to hyperammonemia increases the inflow of low molecular weight substances including amino acids. Furthermore, the ammonia-induced increase of glutamate in the cerebral ECF suggests that high ammonia levels may increase the excitability of the brain. Thus, ammonia may serve as a key factor in the onset of hepatic encephalopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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