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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 53 (1975), S. 1089-1099 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Na current ; Ca current ; action potential membrane channels ; heart muscle ; sinoatrial node ; av node ; Na+-Strom ; Ca++-Strom ; Aktionspotential Membrankanäle ; Herzmuskel ; Sinusknoten ; AV-Knoten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Erregung der Herzmuskelfaser treten 2 transmembranäre Einwärtsströme auf. Der initiale schnelle Na+-Strom verursacht die rasche Umladung der Membran und bewirkt somit den Aufstrich des Aktionspotentials. Ein zweiter, weitaus langsamer ablaufender Einwärtsstrom wird bei etwa −40mV ausgelöst und ist hauptsächlich für den Plateauverlauf des Aktionspotentials verantwortlich. Seine hauptsächlichen Ladungsträger sind unter physiologischen Bedingungen Ca++-Ionen. Beide Ionenströme werden durch 2 voneinander unabhängige Membrankanäle vermittelt. Die normale Erregbarkeit der Myokardzelle hängt von der Verfügbarkeit des schnellen Na+-Kanals ab, während die Ca++-Versorgung und damit die Kontraktionskraft der Zelle vom Ausmaß der Ca++-Leitfähigkeit des langsamen Kanals bestimmt wird. Nach Inaktivation des schnellen Na+-Kanals erlischt die Erregbarkeit der Arbeitsmyokardzelle nicht komplett, da unter geeigneten Bedingungen der langsame Einwärtsstrom Aktionspotentiale ausbilden kann. An den Schrittmacherzellen des Sinusknotens und des AV-Knotens ist bereits unter physiologischen Bedingungen der langsame Einwärtsstrom allein für den Erregungsprozeß verantwortlich. Spezifische Inhibitoren des langsamen Kanals (Verapamil, D 600, Ni++, Co++, Mn++) blockieren den transmembranären Ca++-Einstrom und bewirken eine elektromechanische Entkopplung. Sie beeinträchtigen die Erregbarkeit erst dann, wenn der Erregungsprozeß allein durch den langsamen Einwärtsstrom getragen wird. Spezifische Inhibitoren des schnellen Na+-Kanals dämpfen am Arbeitsmyokard den Na+-abhängigen Erregungsprozeß ohne wesentliche Hemmung des Ca++-Einstroms. Die Existenz dieser beiden Membrankanäle macht es möglich, am Arbeitsmyokard Ca++-Einstrom und damit Kontraktionkraft der Zelle ohne gleichzeitige Änderung des Na+-abhängigen Erregungsprozesses zu beeinflussen oder aber umgekehrt den Erregungsprozeß zu dämpfen, ohne daß gleichzeitig der Ca++-Einstrom beeinträchtigt wird.
    Notes: Summary During excitation of the myocardial cell 2 transmembrane inward currents occur. The initial fast Na current is responsible for the upstroke of the normal action potential. The slow inward current is triggered at a threshold potential of about −40mV and causes the plateau phase of action potential. Under physiological conditions Ca ions are the main charge carriers of the slow inward current. Both inward currents are mediated by 2 membrane channels which are independent from each other. The normal excitability of the myocardial cell depends upon the availability of the fast Na channel but the transmembrane Ca supply will be determined by the Ca conductance of the slow channel. After inactivation of the fast Na channel the excitability of the myocardial cell does not disappears completely. In this situation the slow inward current can mediate action potentials (so called Ca action potentials). The slow inward current can be considered as the predominant mediator of the excitation process in the pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node and the av node. Specific inhibitors of the slow membrane channel (verapamil, D 600, Ni, Co, and Mn ions) block the transmembrane Ca current leading to excitation contraction uncoupling. The excitation process will be impaired only if it is carried by the slow inward current alone. Specific inhibitors of the fast Na channel reduce the Na-dependent excitability of the myocardial cell without significant changes of the Ca current. The existence of 2 separate channels in the ventricular myocardium allows selective alteration of contractility without concomitant changes of the Na-dependent excitation process or, conversely, the reduction of excitability whereas the Ca current remains unchanged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 40 (1962), S. 929-936 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Ratten wurde tierexperimentell die Frage zu klären versucht, welche morphologischen Veränderungen nach Applikation von Metopiron als adrenostatischer Substanz allein sowie in Kombination mit Dexamethason zur Ausschaltung der ACTH-Stimulierung an der NNR auftreten. Während bei alleiniger Metopironbehandlung die NNR histologisch das Bild der progressiven Transformation bietet (ACTH-Typ), kommt es bei gleichzeitiger Bremsung der ACTH-Ausschüttung zu charakteristischen Veränderungen im Bereich der Z. glomerulosa. Neben einer Verbreiterung der Schicht weisen ihre Zellen eine Kernschwellung sowie mit der Länge der Versuchsdauer zunehmend eine intensive Lipoidspeicherung auf. Diese Kriterien dürfen als Ausdruck einer erhöhten Aktivität der Z. glomerulosa angesehen und als Resultat eines Kompensationsmechanismus gewertet werden. Somit weist das histologische Bild der Z. glomerulosa der NNR darauf hin, daß diese in ihrer Struktur weitgehend unabhängig vom ACTH-Einfluß ist und daß darüber hinaus Reglersysteme existieren müssen, die speziell die Hormonproduktion und damit auch die Struktur der Z. glomerulosa steuern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 41 (1963), S. 433-439 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An weiblichen Ratten wird die Aktivitätslage der Z. glomerulosa und fasciculata nach Ausschaltung der Reninproduktion durch Nephrektomie unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen untersucht. 1. Die Nephrektomie allein führt zu einer ACTH-Ausschüttung (Stress) mit Aktivitätssteigerung der Z. fasciculata. Die Z. glomerulosa reagiert hierbei nicht. 2. Die Anwendung der kombinierten Adrenostase, die durch Blockade der 11-β-Hydroxylase zu einem Ausfall der Aldosteronsekretion führt und bei Normaltieren eine erhebliche Aktivitätssteigerung der Zona glomerulosa mit erhöhtem Granulationsindex der epitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates auslöst, bleibt bei den nephrektomierten Tieren erfolglos. 3. Die Substitution des Ausfalls des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems durch Angiotensingaben bewirkt eine deutliche Aktivitätssteigerung der Z. glomerulosa, die der Menge des zugeführten Angiotensins entspricht. 4. Die bei Normaltieren durch zusätzliche Anwendung der kombinierten Adrenostase zu der Angiotensinapplikation eintretende Verstärkung des stimulierenden Einflusses von Angiotensin II auf die Z. glomerulosa bleibt beim nephrektomierten Tier aus. Wir folgern daraus, daß dieepitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates der Niere für die Steuerung der Z. glomerulosa notwendig sind und als direktes Glied eines noch hypothetischen Steuerungs- oder Regelungskreises anzusehen sind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The first derivative of the pressure of the ventricle may be regarded as reflecting the contractility of the myocardium. The results reported here show that the second derivative of the pressure curve of the left ventricle offers further analysis of the dynamics of the contraction and may be indicative of the mechanical performance of the heart.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus der zweimaligen Differentiation der Ventrikeldruckkurve nach der Zeit ergibt sich die Druckanstiegsbeschleunigung. Dieser Parameter wurde mittels RC-Glieder bei der Kontraktion des linken Ventrikels der Katze registriert. Sein Maximum lag in der Phase der isometrischen Kontraktion. Die maximale Druckanstiegsbeschleunigung nahm bei Erhöhung der isometrischen Kontraktion stärker zu als die maximale Druckanstiegsgeschwindigkeit. Es wird gefolgert, daß zwischen der Kraft der isometrischen Kontraktion und der maximalen Druckanstiegsbeschleunigung eine Proportionalität besteht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 130 (1992), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Na+ channel properties ; protein kinase C ; angiotensin II ; OAG ; phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Elementary Na+ currents were recorded at 19°C in cell-attached and inside-out patch-clamp experiments to study the influence of the vasoactive peptide angiotensin II (A II) and of the diacylglycerol analogue OAG (1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-snglycerol) on open probability and gating properties of single cardiac Na+ channels from cultured neonatal rat cardiocytes. Treating the cardiocytes with A II caused Na+ channel activation: reconstructed peak INa increased to 137 ± 17.5% of control at 3 μmol/liters and to 176 ± 42% at 30 μmol/liter. This NPo increase developed without major changes in open state and burst activity, even at 30 μmol/liter. OAG (6 μmol/liter) did not mimic this A II action. By contrast, OAG treatment of the cardiocytes had the opposite effect on NPo and diminished reconstructed peak INa to 67 ± 4.9% of the control. The putative protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine (0.2 μmol/liter) abolished this INa depression and led to a normalization of NPo. OAG had the same effect on isolated Na+ channels. Exposure of the cytoplasmic surface of inside-out patches to 1 μmol/liter OAG reversibly depressed, in the simultaneous presence of 50 μmol/liter Mg-ATP, the reconstructed peak INa to 40 ± 9.7% of the control but left i unit, τ open and burst activity unaffected. No NPo depression was obtained in the absence of Mg-ATP indicating that Mg-ATP may serve as phosphate donor. Obviously, after phosphorylation by protein kinase C, cardiac Na+ channels attain a reduced open probability but appear to preserve their kinetic properties. It is also concluded that activation of protein kinase C is not the mechanism underlying the A II induced channel activation.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 161 (1998), S. 275-286 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Key words: Maxi K+ channels — Colchicine — cytochalasin B — Cytoskeleton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract. A member of the family of Ca++-independent large conductance K+ channels (termed BK channels) was identified in patch clamp experiments with cultured neonatal rat hippocampal neurons. Permeation was characterized (at 5 mmol/l external, 140 mmol/l internal K+; 135 mmol/l external Na+) by a conductance of 107 pS, a ratio PNa/PK∼ 0.01, and outward rectification near the reversal potential. Channel activity was not voltage-dependent, could not be reduced by internal TEA or by a shift of internal pH from 7.4 to 6.8, i.e., discriminating features within the Ca++-independent BK channel family. Cytosolic proteolysis abolished the functional state of hippocampal Ca++-independent BK channels, in contrast to the pronase resistance of hippocampal Ca++-activated BK channels which suggests structural dissimilarities between these related channels. Cytoskeletal alterations had an activating influence on Ca++-independent BK channels and caused a 3–4-fold rise in P o , but patch excision and channel isolation from the natural environment provoked the strongest increase in P o , from 0.07 ± 0.03 to 0.73 ± 0.04. This activation process operated slowly, on a minute time scale and can be most easily explained with the loss of a membrane-associated inhibitory particle. Once activated, Ca++-independent BK channels reacted sensitively to a Mg-ATP supplemented brain tissue extract with a P o decline, from 0.60 ± 0.06 to 0.10 ± 0.05. Heated extracts failed to induce significant channel inhibition, providing evidence for a heat-unstable molecule with reassociates with the internal channel surface to reestablish channel inhibition. A dualistic channel control, by this membrane-associated molecule and by the cytoskeleton seems possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 89 (1986), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: inside-out patch clamp ; kinetic behavior of cardiac Na+ channels ; chemically eliminated inactivation ; piperazine indole ; isolated heart cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In inside-out patches from cultured neonatal rat heart cells, single Na+ channel currents were analyzed under the influence of the cardiotonic compound DPI 201-106 (DPI), a putative novel channel modifier. In absence of DPI, normal cardiac single Na+ channels studied at −30 mV have one open state which is rapidly left with a rate constant of 826.5 sec−1 at 20°C during sustained depolarization., Reconstructed macroscopic currents relax completely with 7 to 10 msec. The current decay fits a single exponential. A considerable percentage of openings may occur during relaxation of the macroscopic current. In patches treated with 3×10−6 m DPI in the pipette solution, stepping to −30 mV results in drastically prolonged and usually repetitive openings. This channel activity mostly persists over the whole depolarization (usually 160 msec in duration) but is abruptly terminated on clamping back the patch to the holding potential. Besides these modified events, apparently normal openings occur. The open time distribution of DPI-treated Na+ channels is the sum of two exponentials characterized by time constants of 0.85 msec (which is close to the time constant found in the control patches, 1.21 msec) and 12 msec. Moreover, DPI-modified Na+ channels exhibit a sustained high, time-independent open probability. Similar to normal Na+ channels, the mean number of open DPI-modified Na+ channels is voltage-dependent and increases on shifting the holding potential in the hyperpolarizing direction. These kinetic changes suggest an elimination of Na+ channel inactivation as it may follow from an interaction of DPI with Na+ channels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 98 (1987), S. 125-133 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: patch clamp ; ionic channels ; vascular endothelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, elementary K+ currents were studied in cell-attached and inside-out patches using the standard patch-clamp technique. Two different cationic channels were found, a large channel with a mean unitary conductance of 150±10 pS and a small channel with a mean unitary conductance of 12.5±1.1 pS. The 150-pS channel proved to be voltag- and Ca2+-activatable and seems to be a K+ channel. Its open probability increased on membrane depolarization and, at a given membrane potential, was greatly enhanced by elevating the Ca2+ concentration at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane from 10−7 to 10−4 m. 150-pS channels were not influenced by the patch configuration in that patch excision neither induced rundown nor evoked channel activity in silent cell-attached patches. However, they were only seen in two out of 55 patches. The 12-pS channel was predominant, a nonselective cationic channel with almost the same permeability for K+ and Na+ whose open probability was minimal near −60 mV but increased on membrane hyperpolarization. An increase in internal Ca2+ from 10−7 to 10−4 m left the open probability unchanged. Although the K+ selectivity of the 150-pS channels remains to be elucidated, it is concluded that they may be involved in controlling Ca2+-dependent cellular functions. Under physiological conditions, 12-pS nonselective channels may provide an inward cationic pathway for Na+.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 112 (1989), S. 67-78 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: removal of Na+ inactivation ; iodate ; bromate ; glutaraldehyde ; DPI 201-106 ; Na+ channel kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Elementary Na+ currents were recorded at 19°C during 220-msec lasting step depolarizations in cell-attached and inside-out patches from cultured neonatal rat cardiocytes in order to study the modifying influence of iodate, bromate and glutaraldehyde on single cardiac Na+ channels. Iodate (10 mmol/liter) removed Na+ inactivation and caused repetitive, burst-like channel activity after treating the cytoplasmic channel surface. In contrast to normal Na+ channels under control conditions, iodate-modified Na+ channels attain two conducting states, a short-lasting one with a voltage-independent lifetime close to 1 msec and, likewise tested between −50 and +10 mV, a long-lasting one being apparently exponentially dependent on voltage. Channel modification by bromate (10 mmol/liter) and glutaraldehyde (0.5 mmol/liter) also included the occurrence of two open states. Also, burst duration depended apparently exponentially on voltage and increased when shifting the membrane in the positive direction, but there was no evidence for two bursting states. Chemically modified Na+ channels retain an apparently normal unitary conductance (12.8±0.5 pS). Of the two substates observed, one of them is remarkable in that it is mostly attained from full-state openings and is very short living in nature; the voltage-independent lifetime was close to 2 msec. Despite removal of inactivation, open probability progressively declined during membrane depolarization. The underlying deactivation process is strongly voltage sensitive but, in contrast to slow Na+ inactivation, responds to a voltage shift in the positive direction with a retardation in kinetics. Chemically modified Na+ channels exhibit a characteristic bursting state much shorter than in DPI-modified Na+ channels, a difference not consistent with the hypothesis of common kinetic properties in noninactivating Na+ channels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 139 (1994), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Single noninactivating Na+ channels ; Iodate ; Trypsin ; (−)-DPI 201-106 ; Drug-sensitive open state ; Channel-associated binding sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Elementary Na+ currents were recorded at 19°C in inside-out patches from cultured neonatal rat cardiocytes. In analyzing the sensitivity of chemically modified Na+ channels to several class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs, the hypothesis was tested that removal of Na+ inactivation may be accompanied by a distinct responsiveness to these drugs, open channel blockade. Iodate-modified and trypsin-modified cardiac Na+ channels are noninactivating but strikingly differ from each other by their open state kinetics, a O1–O2 reaction (τopen(1) 1.4±0.3 msec; τopen(2) 5.4±1.1 msec; at −40 mV) in the former and a single open state (τopen 3.0±0.5 msec; at −40 mV) in the latter. Lidocaine (150 μmol/liter) like propafenone (10 μmol/liter), diprafenone (10 μmol/liter) and quinidine (20 μmol/liter) in cytoplasmic concentrations effective to depress NP o significantly can interact with both types of noninactivating Na+ channels to reduce the dwell time in the conducting configuration. lodate-modified Na+ channels became drug sensitive during the O2 state. At −40 mV, for example, lidocaine reduced τopen(2) to 62±5% of the control without detectable changes in τopen(1). No evidence could be obtained that these inhibitory molecules would flicker-block the open Na+ pore. Drug-induced shortening of the open state, thus, is indicative for a distinct mode of drug action, namely interference with the gating process. Lidocaine proved less effective to reduce τopen(2) when compared with the action of diprafenone. Both drugs apparently interacted with individual association rate constants, alidocaine was 0.64×106 mol−1 sec−1 and adiprafenone 13.6×106 mol−1 sec−1. Trypsin-modified Na+ channels also appear capable of discriminating among these antiarrhythmics, the ratio adiprafenone/alidocaine even exceeded the value in iodate-modified Na+ channels. Obviously, this antiarrhythmic drug interaction with chemically modified Na+ channels is receptor mediated: drug occupation of such a hypothetical hidden receptor that is not available in normal Na+ channels may facilitate the exit from the open state.
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