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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the major histocompatibility complex (H-2 in mouse) on induction of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase (P1-450) by the prototype polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), β-naphthoflavone, was investigated in C57BL/10 Sn (B10) recombinant congenic mice. The cytosolic Ah-receptor level, as measured by specific binding with [3H]-2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, was significantly lower in B10.A and B10.A (5R) than in either B10, B10.BR, or B10.A(2R), suggesting that the D region of H-2 influences Ah-receptor levels. The responsiveness to β-naphthoflavone, as determined by increased catalytic activity toward benzo(a)pyrene and 7-ethoxycoumarin, was considerably lower in 1310, B10.A, and B10.A(5R) than in B10.BR and somewhat lower than in B10.A(2R) or B10.A(4R) mice. The lower PAH responsiveness in B10.A and B10.A(5R) correlated with their lower Ah-receptor levels while that in B10 appeared to reflect a K-A region influence on PAH responsiveness that was not due to changed Ah-receptor levels. Thus, we conclude that more than one H-2 locus may influence PAH responsiveness, and by different mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: OOS-TMP ; Hypothermia ; Fischer 344 rats ; Housing temperature ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We explored the effects of O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-TMP) on body temperatures in Fischer 344 female rats. The 7-day LD50 p.o. for Fischer 344 female rats was found to be 11.8 mg/kg. OOS-TMP induced long-lasting (more than 48 h) and extensive hypothermia at doses 〉 14 mg/kg at a typical laboratory temperature (22° C) while it produced typical symptoms at 10 mg/kg without hypothermia. In contrast, pair-fed (to 20 mg/kg rats) rats (n=4) did not become hypothermic, negating any role of hypophagia in OOS-TMP associated hypothermia. We next investigated the effects of housing temperatures on toxicities at a LD50 dose (12 mg/kg). At 30° C (n=11) and 22° C (n=13), rats did not have hypothermic bouts but at 15° C, eight out of ten rats had. Evidence that changes of housing temperatures neither modified clinical symptoms nor changed mortality rates discards a possibility of hypothermia being involved in delayed toxicity. A novel result of the present study suggests that thermoregulation may be heavily impaired by a special class of organophosphorus compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: OOS-TMP ; Fetuses ; Lung development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intrauterine exposure to the potent lung toxicant OOS-TMP was found to result in neonatal lethality attributed to immature lungs (Koizumi et al. 1988). The present study was initiated to investigate biological/pathological profiles of such pulmonary immaturity. OOS-TMP was given p.o. to five pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats on gestation day (G) 19 at 2.5, 7 or 20 mg/kg. Control (N = 6) or pair-fed dams (N = 5: pair-fed to 20 mg/kg dams) received 2 ml/kg corn oil. On G 22, fetuses were delivered by Cesarean section. The biochemical maturity of lungs was assessed by glycogen content and production of disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), a major component of pulmonary surfactant. Mean DSPC content was significantly lower in fetuses from dams dosed at 7 or 20 mg/kg while mean glycogen concentration, in contrast, was 3- to 6-fold higher in those fetuses than fetuses from control or pair-fed dams. Pathological examination revealed that in fetuses delivered from dams dosed at 7 mg/kg or 20 mg/ kg, glycogen-rich cuboidal epithelial cells completely covered the terminal air space and alveolar/blood barriers stayed at the poorly developed stage. The stage of the pulmonary development in those fetuses was similar to those in fetuses on G19. Therefore it was concluded that intrauterine exposure to OOS-TMP delayed pulmonary development, thereby causing respiratory failure after birth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 24 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Adverse events in hospitals, such as in surgery, anesthesia, radiology, intensive care, internal medicine, and pharmacy, are of worldwide concern and it is important, therefore, to learn from such incidents. There are currently no appropriate tools based on state-of-the art models available for the analysis of large bodies of medical incident reports. In this study, a new model was developed to facilitate medical error analysis in combination with quantitative risk assessment. This model enables detection of the organizational factors that underlie medical errors, and the expedition of decision making in terms of necessary action. Furthermore, it determines medical tasks as module practices and uses a unique coding system to describe incidents. This coding system has seven vectors for error classification: patient category, working shift, module practice, linkage chain (error type, direct threat, and indirect threat), medication, severity, and potential hazard. Such mathematical formulation permitted us to derive two parameters: error rates for module practices and weights for the aforementioned seven elements. The error rate of each module practice was calculated by dividing the annual number of incident reports of each module practice by the annual number of the corresponding module practice. The weight of a given element was calculated by the summation of incident report error rates for an element of interest. This model was applied specifically to nursing practices in six hospitals over a year; 5,339 incident reports with a total of 63,294,144 module practices conducted were analyzed. Quality assurance (QA) of our model was introduced by checking the records of quantities of practices and reproducibility of analysis of medical incident reports. For both items, QA guaranteed legitimacy of our model. Error rates for all module practices were approximately of the order 10-4 in all hospitals. Three major organizational factors were found to underlie medical errors: “violation of rules” with a weight of 826 × 10−4, “failure of labor management” with a weight of 661 × 10−4, and “defects in the standardization of nursing practices” with a weight of 495 × 10−4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Testicular toxicity ; Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether ; PGK-2 ; Sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK, EC 2.7.2.3), which is expressed specifically in sperm and spermatids, is an enzyme in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate. We developed an electrophoresis method to determine relative PGK-2 quantity and applied it to evaluate spermatogenesis activity. In the ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME)-induced testicular toxicity, relative PGK-2 quantity had not decreased until 4 weeks of exposure. Mean relative PGK-2 quantities, defined as PGK-2 quantity over PGK-1 quantity in a pooled spleen sample (±SD) were: 1.43±0.32 for control animals (N=10); 1.67±0.24 for the group exposed at 500 mg/kg for 5 days (N=6); 1.85±0.58 for the group exposed at 500 mg/kg for 2 weeks (N=6); 0.09±0.06 for the group exposed at 500 mg/kg for 4 weeks (N=6); not detectable in animals exposed at 500 mg/kg for 5 weeks (N=7); 0.208±0.103 for the group exposed at 250 mg/kg for 5 weeks (N=6); and 1.35±0.38 for the group exposed at 125 mg/kg for 5 weeks (N=6). These relative quantities showed a good correlation with sperm/spermatid counts (r=0.823,p〈0.01) and histological findings. These findings suggest that EGME has toxicity on primary spermatocytes and spermatogonia. In the case of sterility associated with a chromosomal abnormality (chromosomal translocation between chromosome X and 16), relative PGK-2 quantity was not detected in any of the seven adult (12 weeks of age) mice, although many primary spermatocytes were detected by histological examination. Those findings suggest that cellular differentiation is arrested at meiosis due to the chromosomal abnormality. It was thus concluded that relative PGK-2 quantity provides information on testicular development and is therefore useful as an indicator of testicular function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 65 (1993), S. S235 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biomarker ; Dietary restriction ; Murine leukemia virus ; PCR ; Rate of aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined effects of aging on endogenous retrovirus gene expression of mouse lymphocytes with a hypothesis that it may be a useful biomarker of aging. Mice have endogenous murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) in their chromosomes. We detected the gene expression of long terminal repeats (LTRs) of MuLVs. Brains, livers and spleens were taken from young (3 months old) and old (27 months old) male C57BL/6 mice. In addition to these control (C) mice, we also determined gene expression in dietary restricted (DR) mice, in which rates of aging are known to be slowed. RNA was extracted from the tissues and converted into cDNA. The MuLV-LTR portion of cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Gene expressions of young mice were found to be tissue-specific. Expressed LTRs from brains, livers and spleens were that of 370 base-pairs (bp), those of 370 and 620 bp, and those of 370, 400 and 620 bp, respectively. Old mice of C group, however, decreased tissue specificity: expressed LTRs became those of 370–400 by in any tissues. In contrast the tissue specific gene expression was conserved in old DR mice which had to get prolonged life span and decreased lymphoma incidence. Thereby, gene expression of endogenous retroviruses appears to change during aging and to be modifiable by life-prolonging DR. It may be therefore used as a biomaker of aging in mice. Humans are known to have similar gene elements like MuLV. The present findings demonstrate a possibility of application of endogenous gene expressions to the epidemiology of aging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 49 (1982), S. 325-339 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Carbon felt dosimetry ; FRP boat production ; Mandelic acid ; Phenylglyoxylic acid ; Styrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A survey on styrene exposure was conducted in five small to medium-sized fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) boat plants utilizing carbon felt dosimeters as personal and stationary samplers to measure 4 h (TWA) exposure during workday afternoons. The heaviest exposure, up to 256 ppm by personal sampling and 174 ppm by stationary sampling, took place during the lamination on a mold to produce a boat shell, and the work inside narrow holds also resulted in exposures of a comparable degree. Styrene levels were much lower in other auxiliary works. The TWA of exposure in an entire boat production was estimated to be 40–50 ppm. Installation of several flexible hoses as an exhaust system was proved to be effective in decreasing the vapor concentration. Gas masks were also useful in reducing the exposure. Urine samples were collected from 96 male workers at the end of 8h work (4 h in the morning and 4 h in the afternoon) and also from 22 nonexposed male subjects, and analyzed for mandelic acid (MA), phenylglyoxylic acid (PhGA), and hippuric acid (HA). When the results of urinalyses were compared with 4-h styrene TWA as monitored by personal sampling, the best correlation was obtained with MA + PhGA/creatinine (the correlation coefficient, 0.88), followed by MA (0.84). For these two cases, regression lines and 95% confidence limits for the group means and for the individual values were calculated. The urinary levels of MA, PhGA, and HA in the 22 nonexposed male subjects were also tabulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biological monitoring ; Carbon felt dosimetry ; Head space gas chromatography ; Methyl ethyl ketone ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Head space gas chromatography (GC) was applied to measure methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) in urine from 62 MEK-exposed male workers, whose individual intensity of exposure to MEK was monitored utilizing the carbon felt dosimeter. The urinary MEK level increased rapidly to reach a plateau in the first quarter of the daily 8-h work, while very little MEK was detected in the preshift urine. When the MEK levels in the urine at the end of the shift were compared with the afternoon MEK-TWA values, the uncorrected MEK in urine correlated best with MEK in air (r=0.774, n=62), while correction for creatinine gave a comparable result and the correlation was poorer when corrected for a specific gravity of urine or for the lapse of time after preceding passage of urine. Balance of MEK absorption via inhalation and MEK excretion into urine revealed that only 0.1% of MEK absorbed will be excreted unchanged into urine. Wider application of head space GC is discussed for the analysis of unmetabolized solvents in urine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 51 (1983), S. 381-390 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biological monitoring ; Carbon felt dosimetry ; Metabolism ; Tetrachloroethylene ; Total trichloro-compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Personal monitoring of exposure to tetrachloroethylene (TETRA) with carbon felt dosimeters and analyses of urine for total trichloro-compounds (TTC) were carried out in two groups of workers (36 males and 25 females), one group (20 males and 19 females) in dry-cleaning workshops and the other (16 males and 6 females) engaged in the removal of glue from silk cloth. Comparison of the urinary TTC levels with TETRA in the environment revealed that, while the metabolite levels increased essentially linear to TETRA concentrations up to 100 ppm, leveling off was apparent in the metabolite excretion when the exposure to TETRA was more intense (e.g. more than 100 ppm), indicating that the capacity of humans to metabolize TETRA is rather limited, as previously discussed. From the set of the data thus obtained, screening levels of 30 and 61 mg TTC (as TCA)/l urine as the lower 95% confidence limits for a group mean were calculated for the biological monitoring, by means of urinalysis, of exposure to TETRA at 50 and 100 ppm (TWA), respectively. A tentative calculation with additional exhaled-air analyses indicated that, at the end of an 8-h shift with exposure to TETRA at 50 ppm (TWA), 38% of the TETRA absorbed through the lungs would be exhaled unchanged and less than 2% would be metabolized to be excreted into the urine, while the rest would remain in the body to be eliminated later.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
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