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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Candida albicans ; Secreted aspartic proteinase ; Proteinase inhibitors ; Vulvovaginal candidosis ; Oropharnygeal candidosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Although Candida albicans infections in humans are increasingly frequent, our understanding of the host-parasite relationship is limited. The secreted aspartic proteinase of C. albicans was first described in 1965 and has proved to be a major factor in virulence. This enzyme belongs to the class of aspartic proteinases which includes pepsin and renin in humans. Although found in some fungi, secreted aspartic proteinase is rare in these organisms. While the existence of several isoenzymes may not be fully established, it is now obvious that at least seven different genes encode for secreted aspartic proteinase. Within Candida cells it is located in membrane-bound vesicles. Upon fusion of these subcellular structures within the plasma membrane, the enzyme is released to the environment. In the context of human mucosal diseases it is responsible both for adhesion and invasion. Strains from HIV-infected patients with oral candidosis generally exhibit higher enzymatic activity than control strains. In future secreted aspartic proteinase may prove a prime target for new types of antimycotics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 73 (1995), S. 7-17 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Vitamin E ; Antioxidant ; Oxidative stress ; Photoaging ; Radical scavenge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The generation of free oxygen radicals is believed to play an important pathogenic role in the development of various disorders. More than other tissues, the skin is exposed to numerous environmental chemical and physical agents such as ultraviolet light causing oxidative stress. In the skin this results in several short- and long-term adverse effects such as erythema, edema, skin thickening, wrinkling, and an increased incidence of skin cancer or precursor lesions. However, accelerated cutaneous aging under the influence of ultraviolet light, usually termed photoaging, is only one of the harmful effects of continual oxygen radical production in the skin. Others include cutaneous inflammation, autoimmunological processes, keratinization disturbances, and vasculitis. Vitamin E is the major naturally occurring lipid-soluble non-enzymatic antioxidant protecting skin from the adverse effects of oxidative stress including photoaging. Its chemistry and its physiological function as a major antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agent, in particular with respect to its photoprotective, antiphotoaging properties, are described by summarizing animal studies, in vivo tests on human skin and biochemical in vitro investigations. The possible therapeutic use in different cutaneous disorders, and pharmacological and toxicological aspects are discussed. Many studies document that vitamin E occupies a central position as a highly efficient antioxidant, thereby providing possibilities to decrease the frequency and severity of pathological events in the skin. For this purpose increased efforts in developing appropriate systemic and local pharmacological preparations of vitamin E are required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 72 (1994), S. 1086-1091 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Tretinoin ; Retinoic acid ; Liposomes ; Acne vulgaris ; Irritancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Frequently occurring skin irritancy and flare-up reactions impede the use of topical tretinoin for acne vulgaris due to poor patient compliance. Liposome encapsulation improves penetration into the skin and local tolerability in animals. We investigated efficacy and local tolerability of liposomal tretinoin in man. In a double-blind study 20 patients with uncomplicated acne vulgaris received liposomal tretinoin (0.01 %) on one side of the body and a commercial gel preparation with either 0.025% or 0.05% on the other once daily for 10 weeks. Comedones and papules/pustules were counted every 2 (−4) weeks. Then also redness, scaling, and burning were rated according to a four-point scale. Moreover, the patients noted skin irritancy in a diary on a daily base. With conventional tretinoin the gels were equally efficacious and equally well tolerated. Liposomal tretinoin also appeared equipotent to the reference gels. There may even have been a slightly more rapid clearing of comedones following the liposome preparation. With respect to skin irritancy, however, liposomal tretinoin was superior. As rated by the patients, liposome encapsulated tretinoin induced less burning (mean cumulative score 2.7 ± 1.2) than the 0.025% gel (16.1 ± 7.1) and the 0.05% gel (9.7±4.1) gel and less erythema (1.8±0.7) than the 0.025% gel (11.4 ± 3.8; (P 〈 0.05). Liposomal tretinoin was also better tolerated according to the rating by the investigator. Liposomal encapsulation of tretinoin allows reduction of the concentration of the active agent without a decline in efficacy for acne vulgaris. Since local tolerability is thus increased, liposomal tretinoin should favor the acceptance of this treatment by the patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 168 (1980), S. 149-151 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The use of transport media has proved valuable in many fields of clinical bacteriology, and so has become quite common. However, this does not apply to the examination of stool in the search forSalmonella carriers. To evaluate its potential efficiency a commercial transport medium, the PortACul, has been tested parallel to the conventional glass tube in 315 cases. The greater detection rate even though not significant makes further examination important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Hautarzt 50 (1999), S. 292-294 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Trichophyton rubrum-Syndrom ; Tinea axillaris ; Fluconazol ; Key words Trichophyton rubrum syndrome ; Tinea axillaris ; Fluconazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Trichophyton rubrum infections occur worldwide. In the last few years Trichophyton rubrum has increasingly often been isolated from other parts of the body besides the soles of the feet, toenails and the groin. Our patient’s infection spread from the feet, to the inguinal region, to the thighs, to the hips, to the abdominal wall, to the left forearm and even the axillae. Such skin lesions have recently been called chronic dermatophytosis syndrome. We describe this new entity for the first time in the German literature and discuss it in relation to commonly found Trichophyton rubrum infections.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Trichophyton-rubrum-Infektionen werden weltweit beschrieben. In den letzten Jahren wird Trichophyton rubrum auch an anderen Körperpartien als der Fußsohle, den Zehennägeln und der Leiste häufiger nachgewiesen. Wir berichten über einen Patienten, dessen Trichophytoninfektion sich auf die Oberschenkel, den Inguinalbereich, die Hüftregion, das Abdomen, den linken Unterarm und die Achselhöhlen ausbreitete. Unlängst sind solche Hautveränderungen in der Literatur als chronisches Dermatophytosesyndrom zusammengefaßt worden. Anhand unseres Patienten stellen wir diese neue Entität erstmals in der deutschsprachigen Literatur vor und diskutieren die Stellung des chronischen Dermatophytosesyndroms im Zusammenhang mit den geläufigen Trichophyton rubrum-Infektionen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 327-330 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bendroflumethiazide ; cantharides plasters ; blister fluid ; plasma levels ; pharmacokinetics ; compartmental analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of bendroflumethiazide (BFT) was investigated following the oral administration of 10 mg to 3 healthy volunteers. Each subject participated twice in the study. BFT was determined in plasma and cantharides blister fluid from 1/2 to 30 h post administration. Blister fluid was obtained from blisters 10–22 h old. Plasma levels were fitted to a tri-exponential equation and the concentration of the drug in the peripheral compartment was calculated from the microscopic rate constants. In 5 of 6 cases investigated, cantharides blister fluid levels paralleled the concentration of the drug in the peripheral compartment. The mean blister fluid levels exceeded the calculated concentration in Compartment 2 1.46 fold. In one case, the blister fluid level paralleled the plasma level. This subject clearly differed from the others as more than 10 h were required for blister formation in her. The results suggest that following the administration of BFT, cantharides blister fluid behaves as part of the peripheral compartment. The possible value of studying blister fluid levels in pharmacokinetic investigations is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: griseofulvin ; skin blister fluid levels ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy subjects ; bioavailability ; protein binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Griseofulvin and 6-demethylgriseofulvin (6-DMG) in plasma, suction blister fluid (SBF) and cantharides blister fluid (CBF) and urinary excretion of 6-DMG, were evaluated following administration of single oral doses of an ultramicrosize and a microsize formulation of griseofulvin to 6 healthy volunteers. The bioavailability of griseofulvin was higher following the ultramicrosize formulation when 64% of the dose was recovered (via metabolites) versus 52% after the microsize preparation. Penetration into skin blister fluid was delayed as compared to plasma levels; the peak concentration in plasma was observed at 3–4 h, whereas griseofulvin in CBF increased up to 6 h. The terminal half-live was calculated from plasma levels to 9.3 h. The half-lives calculated from SBF and CBF concentrations were 9.2 and 9.8 h, respectively, (n=5). In plasma 84% of griseofulvin was bound to proteins, predominantly to albumin; binding in SBF and CBF was 72 and 82%, respectively. 3 h after drug administration the free concentration in plasma significantly exceeded the free concentrations in SBF and CBF. Distribution equilibrium between plasma and skin blister fluid was observed after 27 h. Thus, during chronic administration, the plasma griseofulvin level should reflect its concentration in the target organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 351-354 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: griseofulvin ; skin blister fluid ; plasma concentration ; blister fluid concentration ; pharmacokinetics ; microsize formulation ; urinary excretion ; bioavailability ; different formulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Griseofulvin was administered orally to 6 healthy volunteers for 6 days. The subjects received 500 mg of a microsize formulation and 330 mg of an ultramicrosize formulation, according to a cross-over design. The drug was determined in plasma, suction blister fluid (SBF) and cantharides blister fluid (CBF) following the last dose. Urinary excretion of the main metabolites 6-demethylgriseofulvin (6-DMG) and its glucuronic acid conjugate was also measured. The pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with those obtained from a recent single dose experiment. On repeated administration, the bioavailability of griseofulvin was significantly lower from the microsize formulation; the urinary recovery of total 6-DMG was 33.8% versus 53.6% on administration of the ultramicrosize material. Bioavailability was reduced as compared to ingestion of a single dose. The reduction was more prominent following the microsize (36%) than the ultramicrosize (17%) formulation. Penetration into skin blister fluid was not altered as compared to the single dose experiment. Relative areas under the blister fluid-time curves amounted to 51% (SBF) and 80% (CBF) of the area under the plasma level-time curve. The concentration of unbound griseofulvin in these body fluids was identical throughout the entire dosage interval. Unbound griseofulvin levels were low in comparison with the minimum inhibitory concentrations for strains of trichophyton and microsporum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cefodizime ; skin suction blister fluid ; pharmacokinetics ; protein binding ; healthy subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cefodizime pharmacokinetics was investigated, evaluating drug concentrations in serum, skin suction blister fluid (SBF), saliva and urine in six healthy male subjects who were administered a 1-g dose intravenously. Serum levels in five subjects can be described according to a two-compartment open model; terminal half-life is 181±14 min. Volume of distribution (Vdβ) amounts to 15.3±1.61, serum clearance to 59±6 ml/min, renal clearance to 33±3 ml/min. Of the administered dose, 54% is renally excreted unchanged within 27 h. Unbound drug fraction in serum is 19.0% and in SBF 38.4%. Thus renal clearance of free cefodizime amounts to 172 ml/min, Vdss to 68.91 (free drug). Whereas cefodizime has not been detected in saliva samples, SBF concentration 3–9 h post administration parallel serum levels, amounting to 40% of the respective serum concentration. At 9 h, unbound cefodizime concentrations in SBF amount to 1.4±0.4 µg/ml, this value being well above the MIC90% values of many clinically relevant bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: betamethasone dipropionate ; eczema ; atopic eczema ; psoriasis vulgaris ; liposomes ; gel ; therapeutic efficacy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of a liposomal preparation of betamethasone dipropionate (0.039%, BDP) has been compared to that of a commercial propylene glycol-gel containing 0.064% BDP in a double-blind, randomized, paired trial lasting 14 d in 10 patients with atopic eczema and 10 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. In eczema, the liposome preparation tended to reduce erythema and scaling more than the conventional gel, the difference in the latter parameter being significant on Day 7. There was greater improvement of psoriasis on the side treated with the reference gel. Hence, liposome encapsulation of BDP may increase the antiinflammatory action but not the antiproliferative effect. Since inhibition of mitotic activity is linked to the atrophogenicity of topical corticosteroids, the results suggest that liposome encapsulation may improve the benefit-risk ratio in eczema.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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