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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary minerals of Zn-Pb mining and metallurgical dumps and their environmental behavior at Plombières, Belgium (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The primary phases and minerals of the Plombières dumps include typical smelting furnace products such as metallic Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe-Zn alloys, carbides, phosphides, sulfides of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn (alabandite), and FeAs. Spinels, mainly of Fe and Al, are common constituents of the primary assemblage; substitution by Zn, V, Cr, Ti, Mg, and Ca occurs. Primary phases also include the most common Zn-rich fayalite, Zn-rich Ca-Fe silicates, melilite, corundum, and apatite. Most of the Zn is incorporated in iron silicates, ZnO and ZnS. Lead occurs mainly as PbS, metallic lead, and is also present in coal residues. Cadmium is found mainly in metallic zinc and its alloys and in ZnO. The dumps also contain mining wastes composed of pyrite, melnikovite, and iron oxides produced by natural weathering of Zn-Pb ores. Melnikovite and iron oxides are rich in As, Pb, and Zn and possess an increased content of Tl. Leaching tests carried out on the surfaces of polished sections indicate that acid rain (solutions I and II) will mobilize mainly Zn and Cd and, to a much smaller extent, Pb and Sb. Leaching of metals by sulfate-chloride fluids present in the pore network of dumps (solutions III, IV, and V) depends on the pH, which in the dumps is controlled by the proportion of carbonates to sulfides. The more acid fluids leach both sulfides and silicates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00770598
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary minerals of Zn-Pb mining and metallurgical dumps and their environmental behavior at Plombières, Belgium (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The primary phases and minerals of the Plombières dumps include typical smelting furnace products such as metallic Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe-Zn alloys, carbides, phosphides, sulfides of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn (alabandite), and FeAs. Spinels, mainly of Fe and Al, are common constituents of the primary assemblage; substitution by Zn, V, Cr, Ti, Mg, and Ca occurs. Primary phases also include the most common Zn-rich fayalite, Zn-rich Ca-Fe silicates, melilite, corundum, and apatite. Most of the Zn is incorporated in iron silicates, ZnO and ZnS. Lead occurs mainly as PbS, metallic lead, and is also present in coal residues. Cadmium is found mainly in metallic zinc and its alloys and in ZnO. The dumps also contain mining wastes composed of pyrite, melnikovite, and iron oxides produced by natural weathering of Zn-Pb ores. Melnikovite and iron oxides are rich in As, Pb, and Zn and possess an increased content of Tl. Leaching tests carried out on the surfaces of polished sections indicate that acid rain (solutions I and II) will mobilize mainly Zn and Cd and, to a much smaller extent, Pb and Sb. Leaching of metals by sulfate-chloride fluids present in the pore network of dumps (solutions III, IV, and V) depends on the pH, which in the dumps is controlled by the proportion of carbonates to sulfides. The more acid fluids leach both sulfides and silicates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00770598
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfide — carbonate relationships in the Navan (Tara) Zn-Pb deposit, Ireland (1984)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 19 (1984), S. 208-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Samples from the mineralized micrite, the bottom part of the 1–5 lens were investigated. They contain Zn and Fe bearing low Mg-calcite, dolomite, Fedolomite, minrecordite-CaZn (CO3)2, sphalerite, pyrite, melnikovite and overgrown quartz. — Zn-dolomite consists probably of CaMg (CO3)2 and CaZn (CO3)2 domains about 10×35 nm in size. Zn-dolomite is sulfidized (replaced by ZnS) which is demonstrated by both reflected light and electron microscope methods. — CaZn (CO3)2 from the Navan ore has cell parameters: a0=0.484±0.004 and c0=1.608±0.012 nm and is rhombohedral. It forms close, tiny intergrowths with calcite. — Base metals at Navan were exhaled to form at least partly carbonate minerals which subsequently reverted to sulfides in the diagenetic environment. The reversion of base metals carbonates to sulfides is connected with reduction in volume. The reduction in volume allowed the ore zone to retain its permeability after lithification of the host rock. It allowed lateral flow of hydrothermal solutions, which deposited further generations of sulfides and increased the base metal content producing a high grade ore.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199787
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peloids in stratabound Zn-Pb deposits and their genetic importance (1990)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 25 (1990), S. 132-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Peloids from sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits in Belgium, Ireland and Poland are composed of Zn-calcite, siderite, smithsonite, silica, pyrite, melnikovite, sphalerite, galena, thiosulphates and Zn-As-bearing limonite. The size of peloids is between 7 and 60 μm. The core and the shell of peloids are composed of different minerals and the shell is usually coarsely crystalline. Peloids are present in collapse breccias of karst cavities, stromatactis cavities, debris-flow breccias, and fractures cross-cutting carbonates hosting the mineralization. In places peloids form a major microtexture of the sulfide mineralization. Peloids are cemented and replaced by sulfides. Organic acids extracted from sulfide peloids are composed of amido-acids considered to be characteristic of bacterial origin. The size and specific texture of peloids are independent of mineralogy, location and age of the mineralization. Therefore the peloids disussed are considered as forms induced by bacterial activity rather than forms precipitated inorganically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208856
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-brine model of the genesis of strata-bound Zechstein deposits (Kupferschiefer type), Poland (1986)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 21 (1986), S. 70-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract These Kupferschiefer deposits were probably formed as a result of a mixing of two brines. The upper cold brine (UCB) is an unmineralized brine rich in Na, Ca, Cl and SO4, with a pH〉7 and originating from evaporites overlying the metal-bearing Zechstein rocks. The lower hot brine (LHB) rich in Mg, K, Cl, SO4 and CO3 with a pH〈=7 formed in sediments in the central part of the Zechstein basin at a depth of 7,000 m. This brine was subjected to heating and upward convection toward the Fore-Sudetic monocline along the bottom of the Z1 carbonates. During its migration, it caused albitization, serpentinization and leaching of the primary metal deposits in rocks underlying the Zechstein becoming enriched in heavy metals. The mineralization process, being a result of the mixing of the two brines (UCB and LHB), and catalytic oxidation of the organic matter of the black shale were initiated at shallow depths in the area of the Fore-Sudetic monocline. The boundary of the two brines generally overlapped the strike of the black shale. Parts of the deposit with shale-free host rock suggest that the action of two brines alone was capable of producing economic concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn. Where the boundary of the two brines overlaps the autooxidation zone (the black shale bottom) and also coincides with γ radiation of thucholite, concentrations of noble metals result. The characteristic vertical distribution of the triplet Cu→Pb→Zn from the bottom upward is universal in the Kupferschiefer environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204365
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macrotextures, microtextures, and carbonate-sulfide relationships in stratiform, carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb orebodies of Silvermines, Ireland (1989)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 24 (1989), S. 48-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Ore-stage carbonates of the Silvermines stratiform orebodies have increased Zn and Pb and high Fe and Mn content. A major microtexture observed is produced by the replacement of carbonate allochems by dolomite, Fe dolomite, and siderite followed by the replacement of carbonates by sulfides. Generally, the process of replacement took place while the former fabric of the host carbonates was preserved. The reactivity of metal carbonates with sulfur favored the concentration of Pb and Zn in the sulfide and of Fe and Mn in the carbonate form. Sulfide-carbonate reactions probably maintained a high permeability in the ore zone over an extended period of time eventually producing a high-grade ore from solutions rich in Fe and Mn but poor in Zn and Pb. Initial porosity and permeability created by gravity flows controlled the mineralizing process at the beginning, but later stages were probably controlled by replacements, i.e., sulfide-carbonate reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206723
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compounds with mixed and intermediate sulfur valences as precursors of banded sulfides in carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits in Belgium and Poland (1993)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 28 (1993), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Compounds of Fe, Pb and Zn with mixed and intermediate sulfur valences form ubiquitous inclusions and relics in banded sphalerite, pyrite-melnikovite and galena. Banded sulfides continuously grade into banded compounds with mixed and intermediate sulfur valences, the latter with a fibrous microtexture. A fibrous microtexture is also shown by banded sphalerite and pyrite from Zn-Pb deposits of Belgium and Poland. It is therefore suggested that the fibrous sphalerite inherited such a microtexture, unusual for cubic ZnS, by direct replacement of a fibrous precursor with mixed and/or intermediate sulfur valences. The last band of banded sphalerite is often overgrown by idiomorphic, isometric sphalerite precipitated directly from the solution as ZnS. The following Fe, Pb and Zn compounds with mixed and intermediate sulfur valences were found in carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits of Belgium and Poland: sulfoxylanes (M2+SO2; S2+), subsulfites (M2+S2O4; S3+), sulfites (M2+SO3; S4+), pyrosulfites (M2+S2O5; S4+) and thiosulphates(M2+S2O3; S2− and S6+).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199005
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micro-PIXE analyses of trace elements in black shales from the Lower Zechstein copper deposits, Poland
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, B 50 (1990), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-583X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-583X(90)90360-7
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trace element determinations in selected geological samples using a 15 keV synchrotron microprobe at the SRS, Daresbury, UK
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, B 68 (1992), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-583X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-583X(92)96061-3
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for superstructuring in ankerite (1984)
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 32 (1984), S. 247-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ankerite der Lagerstätten Radmer-Buchegg und Erzberg, Österreich wurden mittels hochauflösender Elektronenmikroskopie und Elektronenbeugung untersucht. Die Beugungsbilder lassen auf eine periodische Antiphasen-Struktur schließen, die sich aus drei Einheiten aufbaut: CaMg(CO3)2 als Basiseinheit, CaFe(CO3)2 und CaCO3. CaCO3 ist an einen Ca-Überschuß in Ankeriten gebunden. Dunkelfeldaufnahmen entsprechend beträgt die Obergrenze der CaFe(CO3)2 Domänengröße 20–40 nm. Andere rhomboedrische Doppelkarbonate (Zn-Dolomite, Fe-arme Ankerite) haben wahrscheinlich ebenfalls Domänenstruktur. Die Größe der Domänen scheint durch das “Zusammenpassen” des Domänengitters mit dem Gitter des “Wirtskristalls” sowie durch den Grad der oktaedrischen Verzerrung von Baueinheiten der Antiphasen-Struktur bestimmt zu werden.
    Notes: Summary Ankerite from the Radmer-Buchegg and Erzberg mines, Austria, were studied by high resolution electron microscope imaging and selected area diffraction. Electron diffraction data suggest the presence of a periodic antiphase structure. The unit cell of the periodic antiphase structure of ankerite consists probably of three units: CaMg(CO3)2 as a basal unit, CaFe(CO3)2 and CaCO3. The last CaCO3 unit is connected with excess of Ca in ankerite. The upper size limit of CaFe(CO3)2 domains is 20–40 nm according to dark-field image study. Other rhombohedral dicarbonates (Zn-dolomites, Fe-poor ankerites) have probably also domain structure. The size of domains seems to be controlled by the value of misfit of domain lattice to the host lattice and by the value of octahedral distortion of units of the periodic antiphase structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081616
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