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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ratio between large and small carboxy-terminal molecular forms of cholecystokinin in brains of different species (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1240-1241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cholecystokinin ; radioimmunoassay ; species difference ; molecular heterogeneity ; brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ratio between large and small carboxy-terminal forms of cholecystokinin in brain extracts from man, pig, dog, rat, chicken, frog and trout was determined by two sequence-specific radioimmunoassays. It was found that the relative amounts of large forms of cholecystokinin; are higher in mammalian brain than in brains of lower species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946403
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of hyperglycaemia on gallbladder motility in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Gallbladder emptying, hyperglycaemia, cholecystokinin, Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, autonomic neuropathy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of developing gallstones. This has been attributed, among other factors, to alterations in gallbladder motility in the presence of autonomic neuropathy. Since high blood glucose concentrations impair gastric emptying in diabetic patients, we have investigated the effect of acute hyperglycaemia on gallbladder motility. Seven Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients were studied twice during euglycaemia (blood glucose 5 mmol/l) and hyperglycaemia (blood glucose 15 mmol/l) using a clamp technique. In addition, seven healthy volunteers were studied during euglycaemia and hyperglycaemia. Gallbladder volumes, measured with ultrasonography, were studied before and during infusion of step-wise increasing doses of cholecystokinin-33, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 Ivy Dog Unit·kg−1·h−1, each dose for 30 min. Mean basal gallbladder volumes were not significantly different in the four experiments. Administration of cholecystokinin resulted in significant (p 〈0.05) dose-dependent reductions in gallbladder volume in all experiments. During euglycaemia the gallbladder contraction in diabetic patients was not significantly different from the control subjects. During hyperglycaemia the gallbladder contraction in the diabetic patients was significantly (p 〈0.05) reduced compared to euglycaemia only during infusion of 0.25 Ivy Dog Unit·kg−1·h−1 of cholecystokinin (19±6 % vs 33±6 %). Compared to euglycaemia, during hyperglycaemia the gallbladder contraction in the control subjects was significantly (p 〈0.05) reduced during infusion of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 Ivy Dog Unit·kg−1·h−1 of cholecystokinin (14±4 % vs 31±3 %; 42±6 % vs 65±5 %; 74±4 % vs 90±3 %, respectively). It is concluded that during euglycaemia the gallbladder contraction in response to cholecystokinin in Type 1 diabetic patients is not significantly different from control subjects. During hyperglycaemia the gallbladder contraction in response to 0.25 Ivy Dog Unit·kg−1·h−1 cholecystokinin, leading to cholecystokinin levels as observed after ingestion of a light meal, is significantly reduced in Type 1 diabetic patients. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 75–81]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050075
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of hyperglycaemia on gallbladder motility in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Gallbladder emptying ; hyperglycaemia ; cholecystokinin ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; autonomic neuropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of developing gallstones. This has been attributed, among other factors, to alterations in gallbladder motility in the presence of autonomic neuropathy. Since high blood glucose concentrations impair gastric emptying in diabetic patients, we have investigated the effect of acute hyperglycaemia on gallbladder motility. Seven Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients were studied twice during euglycaemia (blood glucose 5 mmol/l) and hyperglycaemia (blood glucose 15 mmol/l) using a clamp technique. In addition, seven healthy volunteers were studied during euglycaemia and hyperglycaemia. Gallbladder volumes, measured with ultrasonography, were studied before and during infusion of step-wise increasing doses of cholecystokinin-33, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 Ivy Dog Unit · kg−1 · h−1, each dose for 30 min. Mean basal gallbladder volumes were not significantly different in the four experiments. Administration of cholecystokinin resulted in significant (p〈0.05) dose-dependent reductions in gallbladder volume in all experiments. During euglycaemia the gallbladder contraction in diabetic patients was not significantly different from the control subjects. During hyperglycaemia the gallbladder contraction in the diabetic patients was significantly (p〈0.05) reduced compared to euglycaemia only during infusion of 0.25 Ivy Dog Unit · kg−1 · h−1 of cholecystokinin (19±6% vs 33±6%). Compared to euglycaemia, during hyperglycaemia the gallbladder contraction in the control subjects was significantly (p〈0.05) reduced during infusion of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 Ivy Dog Unit · kg−1 · h−1 of cholecystokinin (14±4% vs 31±3%; 42±6% vs 65±5%; 74±4% vs 90±3%, respectively). It is concluded that during euglycaemia the gallbladder contraction in response to cholecystokinin in Type 1 diabetic patients is not significantly different from control subjects. During hyperglycaemia the gallbladder contraction in response to 0.25 Ivy Dog Unit · kg−1 · h−1 cholecystokinin, leading to cholecystokinin levels as observed after ingestion of a light meal, is significantly reduced in Type 1 diabetic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428781
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function and survival of intrasplenic islet autografts in dogs (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Islet of Langerhans ; transplantation ; metabolism ; dog ; glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ; pancreatic polypeptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Successful transplantation of isolated islets of Langerhans has been reported in large mammals, including man, but metabolic control has not been well-established. We studied the glucose and islet hormone response to fasting, i. v. glucose bolus infusion, i.v. arginine bolus infusion during a 35-mmol/l hyperglycaemic clamp, mixed meals, and i. v. insulin-induced hypoglycaemia up to 3 years after intrasplenic islet autotransplantation in six pancreatectomised dogs. The individual postprandial insulinogenic index (ratio of 2-h postprandial insulin to glucose levels) at 1 month post-transplant, predicted (r=0.99) the time to functional graft failure (6–175 weeks). Metabolic studies at 6 months post-transplant in four dogs demonstrated normal fasting glucose and hormone levels, except for reduced pancreatic polypeptide levels. Intravenous glucose and arginine-stimulated insulin were reduced to 15% of preoperative values. In contrast, postprandial normoin-sulinaemia was observed — albeit with moderate hyperglycaemia (approximately 10 mmol/l). Postprandial glucagon and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) had increased. Comparison of the post-transplant insulin responses to a meal and to intravenous challenges demonstrated maximal stimulation of the graft by the meal. Post-transplant pancreatic polypeptide responses to a meal and i.v. arginine were severely reduced, and no pancreatic polypeptide response to i.v. insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was observed — indicating absence of cholinergic reinnervation. Thus, glucose regulation and both the insulin secretory capacity and life expectancy of islet grafts were best documented by meal testing. Tentatively, a postprandial hyperglycaemia-enhanced incretin effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and other gut hormones may account for the difference in the insulin response to i. v. glucose and a meal. Aside from the reduced insulin secretory capacity, both a deranged pulsatile delivery of insulin, hyperglucagonaemia, and pancreatic polypeptide deficiency may have been conducive to glucose intolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400411
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological role of cholecystokinin on postprandial insulin secretion and gastric meal emptying in man. Studies with the cholecystokinin receptor antagonist loxiglumide (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 721-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Cholecystokinin blocker ; plasma glucose ; insulin ; C-peptide ; plasma cholecystokinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cholecystokinin was previously proposed to play an important role in the regulation of postprandial insulin secretion either indirectly, by inhibiting gastric meal emptying, or directly, by acting as an incretin promoting the release of insulin. The aim of this investigation was therefore to clarify the role of endogenous cholecystokinin in the regulation of insulin release and gastric emptying applying the highly potent and specific cholecystokinin receptor antagonist loxiglumide. Five healthy volunteers were examined after an overnight fast. Gastric meal emptying was measured by the double indicator technique using a multiple lumen tube in the duodenum and 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetate as a meal marker and polyethylene glycol 4000 as a duodenal perfusion marker. Postprandial insulin, C-peptide, cholecystokinin and glucose levels were measured after ingestion of two isocaloric meals of a) Ensure (containing fat, protein and glucose), and b) a pure glucose meal (1.11 mol/l). The meals were given either with an intravenous infusion of loxiglumide (22 μmol·kg−1·h−1) or placebo. The infusion of loxiglumide markedly accelerated the gastric emptying of the mixed meal (area under curve, 5576±352 min vs 3498±109 min; p〈0.001) and the pure glucose meal (area under curve 5662±537 min vs 3551±534 min; p〈0.05). Simultaneously, loxiglumide induced a more rapid rise in postprandial insulin levels after both meals resulting in significantly higher (p〈0.05) insulin levels during the first postprandial hour, but similar insulin levels in the second postprandial hour. Accordingly, we found a close correlation between meal emptying and insulin release (r=0.748, p〈0.01). Integrated insulin and C-peptide levels for the whole 2-h experimental period tended to be higher during loxiglumide infusion, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Similar plasma glucose levels at all time periods were observed with and without loxiglumide infusion. Higher cholecystokinin levels were measured during loxiglumide infusion after the mixed (p〈0.01) and the pure dextrose (p〈0.05) meals. We conclude that postprandially released cholecystokinin exerts an important role in the regulation of gastric meal emptying and consecutively the postprandial pattern of insulin release. In contrast, no evidence was found for an insulinotropic role for cholecystokinin in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401517
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new deletion polymorphism at D5S71 raises the linkage information on adenomatous polyposis coli: implications for presymptomatic diagnosis (1991)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 86 (1991), S. 365-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two independent study-groups, one in Britain and the other in the United States, were the first to report linkage between APC and a TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at D5S71 (probe C11p11) on chromosome 5q. They found no recombinants in about 50 informative meioses. The same TaqI RFLP was found to be uninformative for linkage in 15 Dutch polyposis families. The recently reported four base-pair deletion polymorphism (DEL1) at D5S71 has raised the polymorphism information content of this marker from 0.17 to 0.40 in the Dutch population. Seven of 20 polyposis families screened for the DEL1 as well as the TaqI polymorphism gave a combined peak lod score of 5.68 with no recombinants in 37 informative meioses. These data, together with those so far reported in the literature, raise the peak lod score to 17.09 at a recombination fraction of 0.05, the 95% upper confidence limit being 0.09. In combination with the use of another informative marker, D5S81 (probe YN5.48) closely mapping on the other side of APC, the presymptomatic diagnosis of the disease can be made with more than 99.9% certainty. It has to be stressed, however, that the the possible existence of more than one polyposis locus cannot, as yet, be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201835
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of short-term omeprazole administration of serum pepsinogens in relation to fasting serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 345-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: omeprazole ; pepsinogen A ; pepsinogen C ; fasting serum gastrin ; pentagastrin ; gastric-acid ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study has been done in 10 male healthy volunteers of the effect of oral omeprazole 20 mg daily for 3 days on the serum concentrations of Pepsinogens A and C in relation to changes in fasting serum gastrin and basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid output. The concentrations of Pepsinogens A and C showed concomitant and variable but significant increases, and the Pepsinogen A, C ratio did not change during the 3-day course of omeprazole. The increments were also significantly correlated with the increase in fasting serum gastrin and with the reduction in pentagastrin stimulated acid output. The correlations were mainly due to the marked inhibition of gastric acid secretion and the corresponding increases in serum gastrin and Pepsinogens A and C in two subjects, as in the other 8 subjects the changes were only modest. There appears to be a relationship, therefore, between the degree of inhibition of acid by omeprazole and the parallel increases in both serum pepsinogens and fasting gastrin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558498
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of selective and non-selective cholinergic blockade on bombesin- and peptone-stimulated gastrin release (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 319-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pirenzepine ; gastrin release ; gastric acid secretion ; atropine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the effects of the selective muscarinic M1-receptor antagonist pirenzepine and the non-selective muscarinic antagonist atropine on bombesin- and peptone-stimulated gastrin release in healthy subjects. Pirenzepine (i. v. bolus 0.6 mg/kg) and atropine (i. v. bolus 15 µg/kg, followed by an infusion of 5 µg·kg−1·h−1) were given in doses equipotent in terms of reduction of gastric acid secretion. Neither affected bombesin- or peptone-stimulated gastrin release. These findings do not support the involvement of M1-receptors in the cholinergic regulation of gastrin release and suggest that the reduction in acid secretion caused by pirenzepine is not mediated by inhibition of gastrin release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637570
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of somatostatin and loxiglumide on gallbladder motility (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 47 (1995), S. 489-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Gallbladder motility ; Somatostatin ; Loxiglumide ; intraduodenal fat stimulation ; plasma CCK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the major hormonal stimulus of gallbladder contraction. Both somatostatin and CCK-A receptor antagonists inhibit stimulation of the gallbladder by CCK. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of somatostatin and the CCK-A receptor antagonist loxiglumide (CR 1505) on gallbladder volume at baseline and after feeding. In random order nine healthy subjects received somatostatin (IV loading dose 125 μg, followed by IV infusion of 125 μg · h−1), loxiglumide (10 mg · kg−1 · h−1) and control saline. Gallbladder volumes and plasma CCK levels were measured basally and during stimulation by an intraduodenal infusion of fat using, respectively, ultrasound and a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Mean basal gallbladder volume was similar prior to the saline control (28.5 ml), loxiglumide (28.7 ml) and somatostatin (23.4 ml) experiments. In the control experiment, intraduodenal fat led to a significant increase in plasma CCK from 2.6 to 4.8 pmol · l−1, accompanied by contraction of the gallbladder to 2.0 ml. Loxiglumide induced dilatation of the gallbladder to 40 ml and prevented the any contraction in response to intraduodenal fat. During the somatostatin infusion, gallbladder volume remained the same both basally and during fat stimulation. The plasma CCK response to intraduodenal fat was exaggerated by loxiglumide and was abolished by somatostatin. We conclude that there are major differences between the effects of loxiglumide and somatostatin on gallbladder motility. Loxiglumide dilates the gallbladder, while somatostatin prevents its contraction during fat stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193699
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of loxiglumide (CR-1505) on bombesin- and meal-stimulated plasma cholecystokinin in man (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 38 (1990), S. 367-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cholecystokinin ; loxiglumide ; CCK-receptor antagonist ; bombesin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cholecystokinin (CCK)-receptor antagonists have been reported to inhibit the effects of the hormone on the gastrointestinal tract. Their effect on plasma CCK levels in man has not been described. The present study in 5 normal subjects demonstrated that i.v. infusion of the potent, specific CCK-receptor antagonist loxiglumide (CR 1505) significantly augmented plasma CCK levels during infusion of bombesin (402 pM per 30 min) and after administration of a meal (1390 pM per 300 min) when compared to the bombesin- (192 pM per 30 min) and meal- (886 pM per 300 min) stimulated CCK responses during infusion of saline. The basal plasma CCK during saline infusion (0.1 pM per 40 min) was not significantly influenced by CR 1505 (−1.8 pM per 40 min). Thus, both enteral (meal) and parenteral (bombesin) stimulation of CCK secretion are augmented by CCK-receptor blockade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315577
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